Contributions of obesity, gender, hunger, food preference, and body size to bite size, bite speed, and rate of eating

Hill, Samuel W.; McCutcheon, N. Bruce

doi:10.1016/s0195-6663(84)80026-4

Cited by 99 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Thus an`obese eating style' proposed in 1961 27 has been refuted 28 and replicated by others 29 and by us 18 with no obvious consensus. Methodological differences with regard to measurements and meal choices as well as population differences may explain the controversy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Metabolic correlates of eating behavior in severe obesity

et al. 2001

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BACKGROUND:The bene®t of spreading energy intake over many small meals (`nibbling') rather than few large ones (`gorging') for control of blood glucose, serum lipids and body fat accretion has been known for 60 y, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Men exhibit more of a gorging eating pattern than women and are also more prone to the metabolic complications of obesity, as are women with a`male', central distribution of adipose tissue. We have shown correlations between central fat distribution, and other components of the metabolic`Syndrome X' and fatty in®ltration of the liver. Here we study relationships between eating rate and fat distribution and test the hypothesis that gorging might be associated with fatty liver. SUBJECTS AND METHODS:In 30 non-alcoholic, non-diabetic, severely obese women (body mass index, BMI 47 AE 1 kgam 2 ; mean AE s.e.m.) with a mean age of 36 AE 1 y and 16 men (BMI: 52 AE 3) age 38 AE 2 y, who were candidates for anti-obesity surgery, we measured eating rate using an eating monitor, and fat distribution by the waist ± hip circumference ratio (WHR). In addition in the 17 women and 11 men who had surgery, serum lipids were analyzed and routine liver biopsies were evaluated for steatosis by a pathologist blinded to the conditions of the study. RESULTS: Men ate signi®cantly faster than women (188 AE 28 vs 123 AE 9 gamin; P`0.01), and had more liver fat (score: 2.7 AE 03 vs 1.5 AE 0.3; P`0.01), with no statistically signi®cant sex differences in s-cholesterol or s-triglycerides. Eating rate correlated with WHR (r 0.46; P`0.01, n 46), liver fat (r 0.55; P`0.01), and s-triglycerides (r 0.42; P`0.05) adjusting for sex. Liver fat correlated with WHR (r 0.50; P`0.05), s-triglycerides (r 0.70; P`0.01) and s-cholesterol (r 0.50; P`0.05), while there were no signi®cant correlations with BMI or body weight. In multivariate analysis eating rate (32%), meal size (8%) and WHR (6%) contributed 46% of the variance in liver fat. CONCLUSION: We showed increased eating rates in severely obese men and women with central fat distribution. Furthermore, increased eating rates were associated with fatty liver and elevated serum lipids. Eating rate in severely obese women and men may be a determinant of the metabolic syndrome.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Metabolic correlates of eating behavior in severe obesity

et al. 2001

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“…Reduced appetite ratings and decreased energy intake have also been demonstrated in normal weight male subjects during GLP-1 infusion for four hours. 11 It has previously been shown that the eating rate increases as hunger increases 25 and the eating rate is low when the hunger drive is low. 26 The eating rate was slower both at lunch and dinner during GLP-1 infusion, compared to saline.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy intake and appetite are suppressed by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in obese men.

et al. 1999

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BACKGROUND: Peripheral administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) for four hours, to normal weight and obese humans, decreases food intake and suppresses appetite. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of an eight hour infusion of GLP-1 on appetite and energy intake at lunch and dinner in obese subjects. DESIGN: Randomised, blinded cross-over design with intravenous infusion of GLP-1 (0.75 pmol Á kg 71 Á min 71 ) or saline. SUBJECTS: Eight obese (body mass index, BMI, 45.5 AE 2.3 kgam 2 ) male subjects. MEASUREMENTS: Ad libitum energy intake at lunch (12.00 h) and dinner (16.00 h) after an energy ®xed breakfast (2.4 MJ) at 08.00 h. Appetite sensations using visual analogue scales, (VAS) immediately before and after meals and hourly in-between. Blood samples for the analysis of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, GLP-1 and peptide YY. Gastric emptying after breakfast and lunch using a paracetamol absorption technique. RESULTS: Hunger ratings were signi®cantly lower with GLP-1 infusion. The summed ad libitum energy intake at lunch and dinner was reduced by 1.7 AE 0.5 MJ (21 AE 6%) by GLP-1 infusion (P 0.01). Gastric emptying was delayed by GLP-1 infusion, and plasma glucose concentrations decreased (baseline: 6.6 AE 0.35 mmolaL; nadir: 5.3 AE 0.15 mmolaL). No nausea was recorded during GLP-1 infusion. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that GLP-1 decreases feelings of hunger and reduces energy intake in obese humans. One possible mechanism for this ®nding might be an increased satiety primarily mediated by gastric vagal afferent signals.

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“…Among such studies, a number have investigated meal duration and eating rate to elucidate an association with food intake amount [19][20][21]38,39,[42][43][44][45]. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the factors of oral behavior that influence the duration of a naturally eaten meal and to examine changes in those factors during the meal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Table 1 shows the mean values and correlations of each parameter related to food intake. The total intake time was 367.1 ± 132.1 s (149-704 s), and the number of mouthfuls was 23.5 ± 5.0 (17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36). The mouthful weight was 12.1 ± 2.4 g (7.5-16.2 g), and the intake interval was 15.1 ± 5.1 s (7.8-25.7 s).…”

Section: Statisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Feeding behaviors, particularly the eating rate, have long been of interest as a contributing factor in the development of obesity, which is a major contributor to a range of metabolic disorders. Several studies have reported the potential associations in this regard, such as relationship between body mass index (BMI) and mealtimes [19][20][21]. However, other investigations have identified no connection between mealtimes and obesity [22][23][24][25][26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oral feeding behavior during a whole meal

Murakami¹,

Nakamura²,

Nakajima³

et al. 2017

Dent Oral Craniofac Res

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Eating is an instinctive behavior and a fundamental oral function for energy intake. However, the changes in the variables involved in intake volume and timedependent changes during a meal have yet to be sufficiently clarified. This study aimed to elucidate the changes in normal food intake behavior during a meal. We recruited 20 healthy females with normal body mass index. Food intake behavior and intake volume were recorded using a three-dimensional motion capture system and electric weighing instrument. We applied multilevel model analysis to describe fitting curves of the variables related to food intake. Correlations of these variables were also estimated. We described time-dependent statistically significant polynomial curves of variables during a meal. The mouthful weight and intake interval were not constant throughout the meal. The mouthful weight was larger at the beginning of the meal than at the end; the intake interval was the shortest at the start of a meal; it gradually increased until the 80% point. Most of the variables were statistically and strongly correlated with one another. The total intake time had a significantly high positive correlation with the number of mouthfuls, mouthful weight, intake interval, total chewing number, and mouthful chewing number; the total intake time had a significantly negative correlation with mouthful weight. We established that in the healthy subjects, food intake behavior changed according to the consumed volume and with time. A small mouthful weight leads to a large number of mouthfuls, thereby extending the mealtime. These findings may be helpful in assessing eating behaviors toward proposing a behavioral strategy to control meal durations and eating rates.

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Contributions of obesity, gender, hunger, food preference, and body size to bite size, bite speed, and rate of eating

Cited by 99 publications

References 13 publications

Metabolic correlates of eating behavior in severe obesity

Metabolic correlates of eating behavior in severe obesity

Energy intake and appetite are suppressed by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in obese men.

Oral feeding behavior during a whole meal

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