“…However, since the trials were carried out in a direct current electric arc furnace, the simulation also considers a direct current electric arc furnace, which does not use the latent heat contained in the off-gas to pre-heat the charged raw materials. The specific electric energy consumption for direct current arc furnaces is around 4200 kWh/t Alloy 6 . Figure 7 Relative specific energy consumption of smelting and pre-reduction for various reducing agents and various pre-reducing times according to a simulation with a constant addition of fixed carbon.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The common production process for ferrochromium is carried out in electrically powered furnaces called submerged arc furnaces by a smelting reduction, preceded by an optional pre-reduction process in a solid state 5 . Chromite ore or pre-treated chromite concentrate is used as a chromium carrier and quartz and lime are added as fluxes to improve the properties of the so-called slag, a molten oxide mixture floating on top of the liquid metal 6 . Since chromium and iron are in their oxidic state in chromite the addition of a reducing agent is necessary, normally fossil coal and coke are used 6 , which directly results in the emission of carbon dioxide.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Chromite ore or pre-treated chromite concentrate is used as a chromium carrier and quartz and lime are added as fluxes to improve the properties of the so-called slag, a molten oxide mixture floating on top of the liquid metal 6 . Since chromium and iron are in their oxidic state in chromite the addition of a reducing agent is necessary, normally fossil coal and coke are used 6 , which directly results in the emission of carbon dioxide. It is estimated, that 0.65% of the industrial CO 2 emissions are due to the usage of fossil-reducing agents in the ferroalloy industry 7 .…”
The metallurgical industry is a major source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. This study explores the replacement of fossil-reducing agents with potentially CO2-neutral bio-based reducing agents. Since reducing agents remove oxygen bonded with metal oxides present in the ore, they are a necessity for the production of metallic elements. The investigated metal is chromium, a major part of stainless steel, and therefore a highly relevant element for the transition from a fossil-based energy system to a renewable one. The state-of-the-art smelting reduction and pre-reduction process followed by subsequent smelting using various reducing agents are investigated in this article. The obtained products, metallurgical efficiencies, energy consumption and off-gas generation were compared. While the products produced with bio-based reducing agents are comparable with the reference trials using metallurgical coke regarding the major components in the metal, the concentration of detrimental phosphorus is significantly higher using bio-based reducing agents. The metallurgical efficiency of the process is comparable to the usage of bio-based reducing agents and coke. However, the energy consumption and the generation of off-gas is higher, when coke is replaced by bio-based reducing agents.
“…However, since the trials were carried out in a direct current electric arc furnace, the simulation also considers a direct current electric arc furnace, which does not use the latent heat contained in the off-gas to pre-heat the charged raw materials. The specific electric energy consumption for direct current arc furnaces is around 4200 kWh/t Alloy 6 . Figure 7 Relative specific energy consumption of smelting and pre-reduction for various reducing agents and various pre-reducing times according to a simulation with a constant addition of fixed carbon.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The common production process for ferrochromium is carried out in electrically powered furnaces called submerged arc furnaces by a smelting reduction, preceded by an optional pre-reduction process in a solid state 5 . Chromite ore or pre-treated chromite concentrate is used as a chromium carrier and quartz and lime are added as fluxes to improve the properties of the so-called slag, a molten oxide mixture floating on top of the liquid metal 6 . Since chromium and iron are in their oxidic state in chromite the addition of a reducing agent is necessary, normally fossil coal and coke are used 6 , which directly results in the emission of carbon dioxide.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Chromite ore or pre-treated chromite concentrate is used as a chromium carrier and quartz and lime are added as fluxes to improve the properties of the so-called slag, a molten oxide mixture floating on top of the liquid metal 6 . Since chromium and iron are in their oxidic state in chromite the addition of a reducing agent is necessary, normally fossil coal and coke are used 6 , which directly results in the emission of carbon dioxide. It is estimated, that 0.65% of the industrial CO 2 emissions are due to the usage of fossil-reducing agents in the ferroalloy industry 7 .…”
The metallurgical industry is a major source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. This study explores the replacement of fossil-reducing agents with potentially CO2-neutral bio-based reducing agents. Since reducing agents remove oxygen bonded with metal oxides present in the ore, they are a necessity for the production of metallic elements. The investigated metal is chromium, a major part of stainless steel, and therefore a highly relevant element for the transition from a fossil-based energy system to a renewable one. The state-of-the-art smelting reduction and pre-reduction process followed by subsequent smelting using various reducing agents are investigated in this article. The obtained products, metallurgical efficiencies, energy consumption and off-gas generation were compared. While the products produced with bio-based reducing agents are comparable with the reference trials using metallurgical coke regarding the major components in the metal, the concentration of detrimental phosphorus is significantly higher using bio-based reducing agents. The metallurgical efficiency of the process is comparable to the usage of bio-based reducing agents and coke. However, the energy consumption and the generation of off-gas is higher, when coke is replaced by bio-based reducing agents.
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