Control approach to the load frequency regulation of a Generation IV Lead-cooled Fast Reactor

Development of the ALFRED reactor full power mode control system

“…It allows adjusting the thermal power production in the core and the SG operation, ensuring the lead in the cold pool to remain in a safe temperature range. As for the further developments, the aspects concerning the loadfrequency regulation are investigated in a parallel work (Ponciroli et al, 2015). Indeed, though in the present paper the "reactor leading" mode has been assumed, it is necessary to evaluate the influence on the SG due to the mechanical power modulation in accordance with the load demands, and how the issue of the slow system dynamics can be overcome in the light of the performance required by the grid.…”

A sequential decision problem formulation and deep reinforcement learning solution of the optimization of O&M of cyber-physical energy systems (CPESs) for reliable and safe power production and supply

“…As a promising technology capable of meeting the Generation IV goals of Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs), ALFRED [55,56], a conceptual reactor design within the European nuclear community, has been the subject of various studies of reactor design [37,[57][58][59], control design [60,61], and reliability and risk analysis [62,63]. ALFRED is designed to operate in a flexible way [64][65][66] and is expected to reach operational conditions of an industrially deployable small modular lead fast reactor around the year 2035-2040 [55], making it a perfect candidate of NPPs to be considered for coping with the variability of RESs, within a load-following schedule.…”

The Research on Second-Order ADRC Algorithm of Using Wind Turbine Virtual Inertia to Participate in Primary Frequency Regulation in a Small Stand-Alone Microgrid

“…The rotor kinetic energy can transform into electromagnetic power through the control algorithm, to provide support for the system frequency, and this process takes a short time and "zero power consumption" [13,14]. In addition, the permeability of wind power is often larger due to the limited capacity of SSM, which ensures the effectiveness of WTG participating in the system transient frequency regulation [15][16][17]. Many scholars have started the research on how to use the virtual inertia of WTG in the system frequency regulation and improve the transient stability of frequency.…”