Control Messages Overhead Impact on Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph—A Wireless Sensor Networks Objective Functions Performance Comparison

Onwuegbuzie, Innocent Uzougbo; Razak, Shukor Abd; Isnin, Ismail Fauzi

doi:10.1166/jctn.2020.8794

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…As for the objective function, it is indeed a mechanism enabling selection of the parent node by a child node, according to a metric of the DODAG tree. The main RPL specification does not have a built-in objective function, but both the zeroobjective function (OF0) and the minimum order objective function with hysteresis (MRHOF) are recognized as defaulted OFs in this protocol [8,9]. Proceeding with the actual data traffic handling arrangements, the analysis of the objective functions OF0 and MRHOF should be performed first.…”

Section: Preliminary Detailsmentioning

confidence: 99%

WSN for Event Detection Applications: Deployment, Routing, and Data Mapping Using AI

Abbassi¹,

Jeridi²,

Ezzedine³

2021

Wireless Sensor Networks - Design, Deployment and Applications

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In the 20th century, computers were senseless brains, but today, thanks to sensor networks, they can feel things for themselves. This major trend has given rise to many wireless sensor networks with the ability to sense the environment, deliver findings and process those data appropriately. Within this trend, this chapter outlines deployment and routing strategies as well as data handling practices. For convenience, the most encompassing application to consider is that of event detection.

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Section: Preliminary Detailsmentioning

confidence: 99%

WSN for Event Detection Applications: Deployment, Routing, and Data Mapping Using AI

Abbassi¹,

Jeridi²,

Ezzedine³

2021

Wireless Sensor Networks - Design, Deployment and Applications

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“…RPL is a distance-vector proactive routing protocol which starts to find routes as soon as the network is powered on. The protocol forms a tree-like topology known as Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG) [10]. The DODAG is a virtual routing graph of interconnected formation of child and parent nodes through a multihop pattern linking the source to the destination node.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By the standard, RPL uses two major objective functions to generate routing paths between the source and destination nodes. These are, Objective Function Zero (OF0) [10] and Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF) [11]. OF0 uses the Hop Count (HC) metric to establish a routing path leading to the root node from the source node.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Evaluation of RPL Objective Function: A Case of Contiki Operation System

Onwuegbuzie¹,

Ajibade²,

Fele³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is the network of the resource-constrained network which forms the foundation of the Internet of Things (IoT). The Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is responsible for generating and managing data routing paths. Nodes implementing RPL uses the mechanics of Objective Function (OF) to select the preferred next-hop node – parent node, and optimal routing path to the destination node. If routing decisions are not efficiently made, this results in increased collision domain, leading to packet losses and packet retransmission which impairs the network operational lifetime. In this study, we present the Contiki Operating System (OS), a state-of-the-art OS for IoTs, ContikiRPL; Contiki variant of RPL. We investigated the performance of RPL with respect to its two OFs; Objective Function Zero (OF0) and the Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF). The performance of these OFs was evaluated on the following metrics; Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Power consumption, and network latency. The result shows that MRHOF outperformed OF0 on all metrics with an overall average PDR of 91.5%, a latency of 44ms, and power consumption of 1.72mW across all nodes. This results in optimal network performance with improved network operational lifetime.

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“…Request for Comments (RFC) 6550 describes RPL as a low power consumption distance-vector proactive routing protocol for resource-constrained devices that form the building block for IoT [ 10 ]. RPL sets up a self-organized, self-healing, self-sustained, and loop-free routing graph known as Distance Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG) [ 11 , 12 ]. DODAG forms a virtual web of connected resource-constrained nodes (that is, constrained by power, storage, and processing capabilities), sensing their immediate environment and cooperatively relaying the sensed data in a hop-by-hop manner to a more resource robust device that acts as the network controller and manager called the Sink or Root node ( Sink will be used in this article) [ 3 , 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prioritized Shortest Path Computation Mechanism (PSPCM) for wireless sensor networks

et al. 2022

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Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy Networks (RPL), the de facto standard routing protocol for the Internet of Things (IoT) administers the smooth transportation of data packets across the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). However, the mechanism fails to address the heterogeneous nature of data packets traversing the network, as these packets may carry different classes of data with different priority statuses, some real-time (time-sensitive) while others non-real-time (delay-tolerant). The standard Objective Functions (OFs), used by RPL to create routing paths, treat all classes of data as the same, this practice is not only inefficient but results in poor network performance. In this article, the Prioritized Shortest Path Computation Mechanism (PSPCM) is proposed to resolve the data prioritization of heterogeneous data and inefficient power management issues. The mechanism prioritizes heterogeneous data streaming through the network into various priority classes, based on the priority conveyed by the data. The PSPCM mechanism routes the data through the shortest and power-efficient path from the source to the destination node. PSPCM generates routing paths that exactly meet the need of the prioritized data. It outperformed related mechanisms with an average of 91.49% PDR, and average power consumption of 1.37mW which translates to better battery saving and prolonged operational lifetime while accommodating data with varying priorities.

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Control Messages Overhead Impact on Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph—A Wireless Sensor Networks Objective Functions Performance Comparison

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

WSN for Event Detection Applications: Deployment, Routing, and Data Mapping Using AI

WSN for Event Detection Applications: Deployment, Routing, and Data Mapping Using AI

Performance Evaluation of RPL Objective Function: A Case of Contiki Operation System

Prioritized Shortest Path Computation Mechanism (PSPCM) for wireless sensor networks

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