Control of black foot disease in grapevine nurseries

Abstract

Black foot disease of grapevines is a decline and dieback disease caused by a soilborne pathogen complex including Cylindrocarpon liriodendri , C. macrodidymum , Campylocarpon fasciculare and Campyl. pseudofasciculare . These pathogens cause primary infections of roots and basal ends of grafted cuttings in nursery soils. Thirteen fungicides were screened in vitro for mycelial inhibition of these pathogens. Prochloraz manganese chloride, benomyl, flusilazole and imazalil were the most effective fungicides tested, and were subsequently included in semi-commercial field trials. Basal ends of grafted cuttings were dipped in various chemical and biological treatments prior to planting in open-rooted nurseries. Black foot pathogens were not isolated from grafted cuttings prior to planting. Additional treatments involved soil amendments with Trichoderma formulations and hot water treatment of dormant nursery grapevines. Field trials were evaluated after eight months. Isolations from uprooted plants revealed low levels of black foot pathogens in the roots of untreated control plants, and significantly higher levels in basal ends of rootstocks. The incidence of black foot pathogens, as well as that of Petri disease pathogens, was not significantly and/or consistently reduced by the majority of chemical or biological treatments. However, these pathogens were not isolated from uprooted plants that were subjected to hot water treatment. It is therefore recommended that hot water treatment of dormant nursery plants be included in an integrated strategy for the proactive management of these diseases in grapevine nurseries.

Cylindrocarpon root rot: multi-gene analysis reveals novel species within the Ilyonectria radicicola species complex

“…Samuels and Brayford (1990) commented on the morphological variation in collections of I. radicicola and its anamorph "C." destructans. Seifert et al (2003) showed that there was more than one "C." destructans-like species occurring on Panax, and that none of the resolved clades correlated to the ex-type strain of I. radicicola, leading Halleen et al (2006) to question the purported anamorph/teleomorph link between I. radicicola (from Cyclamen, Sweden) and "C." destructans (from Panax, USA). Based on a phylogenetic analysis of ITS nrRNA gene sequences, Schroers et al (2008) concluded that the I. radicicola complex includes "C." destructans, "C." destructans var .…”

“…Cylindrocarpon and Cylindrocarpon-like species have since been commonly associated with root and decay of woody and herbaceous plants (Domsch et al 2007). Cylindrocarpon root rot causes losses up to 30% on ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) (Seifert et al 2003), and plays an important role in black foot rot of grapevines (Halleen et al 2004(Halleen et al , 2006, apple replant disease (Tewoldemedhin et al 2010), and beech cankers (Castlebury et al 2006), to name but a few hosts of economic importance.…”

“…Most of the teleomorphs of Cylindrocarpon species have since this date been classified in Neonectria (Brayford et al 2004;Halleen et al 2004Halleen et al , 2006Mantiri et al 2001;Rossman et al 1999). Several phylogenetic studies have, however, revealed that Neonectria/Cylindrocarpon is paraphyletic (Castlebury et al 2006;Halleen et al 2004Halleen et al , 2006Hirooka et al 2005;Mantiri et al 2001). The first step in resolving this issue was taken by Halleen et al (2004), who proposed Campylocarpon for species resembling Cylindrocarpon with 3-5-septate, curved macroconidia, and lacking microconidia.…”

Advances in Propagation of Grapevine in the World

“…Basically, HWT is performed in two periods: before grafting (FOURIE; HALLEEN, 2004a), and after collection of cuttings from the nursery and before planting in the vineyard (HALLEEN et al, 2007). Gramaje et al (2009) observed that the mycelial growth of Cadophora luteo-olivaceae isolates was not viable from 50ºC to 54ºC for 30 minutes, but Cylindrocarpon liriodendri and Cylindrocarpon macrodidymum isolates were already unviable from 43ºC to 47ºC.…”

“…In addition to these species, new genera have been continuously reported in literature. HALLEEN et al (2007) conducted pathogenicity studies in nurseries and vineyards with declining plants and found that symptomatic plants were contaminated by Cadophora luteo-olivaceae, Phialemonium cf. curvatum and Pleurostomophora richardsiae, whereas Moyo et al (2014) identified species of arthropods also acting in the transmission of trunk diseases.…”