Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhea

Moennig, V.; Becher, Paul

doi:10.3390/pathogens7010029

Cited by 93 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 97 publications

(117 reference statements)

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“…These persistently infected (PI) animals are immunotolerant to the BVDV-strain they are infected with, making them unable to develop a specific immune response against this particular virus strain. As a result, PI animals shed enormous amounts of BVDV throughout their lives and they are the major source for the spread and perpetuation of the virus within individual cattle herds and for the transmission to previously not affected holdings [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. For this reason, PI animals are the main target of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) eradication programs, which have been implemented in several European countries [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Occurrence of a Commercial Npro and Erns Double Mutant BVDV-1 Live-Vaccine Strain in Newborn Calves

Wernike

Michelitsch

Aebischer

et al. 2018

Viruses

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The major source for the spread of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are in-utero infected, immunotolerant, persistently infected (PI) animals since they shed enormous amounts of viruses throughout their lives. During the sequence-based virus typing of diagnostic ear notch samples performed in the context of the obligatory German BVDV eradication program, the commercial Npro and Erns double mutant BVDV-1 live-vaccine strain KE-9 was detected in seven newborn calves; their mothers were immunized in the first trimester of gestation. Six calves either succumbed or were culled immediately, but the one remaining animal was closely monitored for six months. The viral RNA was detected in the skin sample taken in its first and fifth week of life, but the virus could not be isolated. Further skin biopsies that were taken at monthly intervals as well as every serum and urine sample, nasal, oral, and rectal swabs taken weekly tested BVDV negative. However, neutralizing titers against BVDV-1 remained at a consistently high level. To further control for virus shedding, a BVDV antibody and antigen negative calf was co-housed which remained negative throughout the study. The missing viremia, a lack of excretion of infectious virus and negative follow-up skin samples combined with consistently high antibody titers speak against the induction of the classical persistent infection by vaccination with recombinant KE-9 during gestation. We, therefore, suggest that the epidemiological impact of the RNA/antigen positivity for an extended period in the skin is very low. The detection of live-vaccine viruses in skin biopsies mainly represents a diagnostic issue in countries that implemented ear notch-based control programs; and KE9-specific RT-PCRs or sequence analysis can be used to identify these animals and avoid culling measures.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Occurrence of a Commercial Npro and Erns Double Mutant BVDV-1 Live-Vaccine Strain in Newborn Calves

Wernike

Michelitsch

Aebischer

et al. 2018

Viruses

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“…Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is the causative pathogen of bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease (BVD-MD), resulting in significant economic losses to the cattle industry worldwide [ 1 , 2 ]. BVDV, belonging to the genus Pestivirus , the family Flaviviridae , is an enveloped single-stranded RNA virus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are currently several inactivated vaccines and live attenuated BVDV vaccines available commercially. Although both types of traditional vaccines play an important role in controlling BVDV infection, both have their risks and drawbacks [ 1 , 10 – 12 ]. In the case of inactivated or attenuated BVDV vaccine, their effects are controversial in practice under controlled experimental conditions and field conditions [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunogenicity evaluation of recombinant Lactobacillus casei W56 expressing bovine viral diarrhea virus E2 protein in conjunction with cholera toxin B subunit as an adjuvant

Jia

Huang

et al. 2020

Microb Cell Fact

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Background Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the main causes of infectious diseases in cattle and causes large financial losses to the cattle industry worldwide. In this study, Lactobacillus casei strain W56 (Lc W56) was used as antigen deliver carrier to construct a recombinant Lactobacillus vaccine pPG-E2-ctxB/Lc W56 constitutively expressing BVDV E2 protein fused with cholera toxin B subunit (ctxB) as an adjuvant, and its immunogenicity against BVDV infection in mice model by oral route was explored. Results Our results suggested that pPG-E2-ctxB/Lc W56 can effectively activate dendritic cells (DCs) in the Peyer’s patches, up-regulate the expression of Bcl-6, and promote T-follicular helper (Tfh) cells differentiation, as well as enhance B lymphocyte proliferation and promote them differentiate into specific IgA-secreting plasma cells, secreting anti-E2 mucosal sIgA antibody with BVDV-neutralizing activity. Moreover, significant levels (p < 0.01) of BVDV-neutralizing antigen-specific serum antibodies were induced in the pPG-E2-ctxB/LC W56 group post-vaccination. The recombinant Lactobacillus vaccine can induce cellular immune responses, and significant levels (p < 0.01) of Th1-associated cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, and IFN-γ), Th2-associated cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) and Th17-associated cytokine (IL-17) were determined in the serum of vaccinated mice. Significantly, the recombinant Lactobacillus vaccine provides immune protection against BVDV infection, which can be cleared effectively by the vaccine post-challenge in orally vaccinated animals. Conclusions The genetically engineered Lactobacillus vaccine constructed in this study is immunogenic in mice and can induce mucosal, humoral, and cellular immune responses, providing effective anti-BVDV immune protection. It thus represents a promising strategy for vaccine development against BVDV.

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“…Biosecurity is critical to keeping the disease out of those farms that have been shown to not have disease (Azbel-Jackson, Heffernan, Gunn, & Brownlie, 2018;Moennig & Becher, 2018) or that have cleared the disease through the programme. These farms should be working with the vets to address any risks for disease entry to the farm.…”

Section: Biosecuritymentioning

confidence: 99%