A series of 4-pyperidinyl-1,8-naphtalimide derivatives containing at the N-position an n-methylpyridine (n = 2, 3, or 4) have been synthesized and isolated as crystalline materials. These isomers were further reacted, in the solid state, with the coformer 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene (I2F4) to give three new co-crystals of general formula n2•I2F4. All crystalline materials have been thoroughly characterized in the solid state via single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and thermal methods; in addition, the photophysical properties of all compounds have been investigated in solution and in the solid state. The fluorescence features of the crystalline solids depend on the different arrangement of the molecules in the lattice and co-crystallization leads to important changes in the emission properties of the crystalline compounds. Emission quantum yields of the solids vary between 0.11 and 0.50. ‡
Results and discussion
Synthesis and crystal growthThe synthetic strategy employed for isomers 2-4 is based on two high yielding steps, namely (i) direct reaction between the 4-bromo-1,8-naphthalic anhydride and piperidine in the high boiling solvent 2-methoxyethanol, as reported in the literature, 46, 47 followed by (ii) condensation with 2, 3 or 4-picolylamine in a mixture of water and ethanol in basic ambient (Scheme 1).
Graphical AbstractFluorescent crystals were obtained by solid-state co-crystallization of 4-pyperidinyl-1,8-naphtalimide derivatives with a halogenated co-former.