Control of endogenous norepinephrine release in the hypothalamus of male rats changes over adolescent development

Choi, SuJean; Weisberg, Stacy; Kellogg, Carol K.

doi:10.1016/s0165-3806(96)00179-4

Cited by 43 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Maturational changes are seen in NE release in the hypothalamus of adolescent rats [81,83], and noradrenergic influences on GnRH release may switch from being largely inhibitory during the prepubertal period in rats to a predominance of NE stimulatory effects at puberty [456]. Puberty is also convincingly associated with increases in levels of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate.…”

Section: Increases In Excitatory Tonementioning

confidence: 99%

The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations

Spear

2000

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

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4,301

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To successfully negotiate the developmental transition between youth and adulthood, adolescents must maneuver this often stressful period while acquiring skills necessary for independence. Certain behavioral features, including age-related increases in social behavior and risk-taking/novelty-seeking, are common among adolescents of diverse mammalian species and may aid in this process. Reduced positive incentive values from stimuli may lead adolescents to pursue new appetitive reinforcers through drug use and other risk-taking behaviors, with their relative insensitivity to drugs supporting comparatively greater per occasion use. Pubertal increases in gonadal hormones are a hallmark of adolescence, although there is little evidence for a simple association of these hormones with behavioral change during adolescence. Prominent developmental transformations are seen in prefrontal cortex and limbic brain regions of adolescents across a variety of species, alterations that include an apparent shift in the balance between mesocortical and mesolimbic dopamine systems. Developmental changes in these stressor-sensitive regions, which are critical for attributing incentive salience to drugs and other stimuli, likely contribute to the unique characteristics of adolescence. ᭧

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Section: Increases In Excitatory Tonementioning

confidence: 99%

The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations

Spear

2000

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

4,738

110

4,301

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“…Anatomically, these changes induce secondary sexual characteristics and behaviorally they alter peer interaction and risk taking behavior (Laviola et al, 2002;Spear, 2000a,b). Within the brain, puberty is associated with changes in neurotransmitter release and concentration (Badr et al, 1989;Choi and Kellogg, 1996;Choi et al, 1997;Insel et al, 1990) and gross changes in volume and white matter organization that continue well into the late teens in humans (Gogtay et al, 2004;Paus et al, 1999). It is thus reasonable to assume that these changes in hormone concentration and anatomical structure are accompanied by changes in nonreproductive behaviors such as those associated with learning and memory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinctive stress effects on learning during puberty

Hodes

Shors

2005

Hormones and Behavior

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Puberty is a time of significant change in preparation for adulthood. Here, we examined how stressful experience affects cognitive and related hormonal responses in male and female rats prior to, during and after puberty. Groups were exposed to an acute stressor of brief periodic tailshocks and tested 24 h later in an associative memory task of trace eyeblink conditioning. Exposure to the stressor did not alter conditioning in males or females prior to puberty but enhanced conditioning in both males and females during puberty. The enhancement occurred in pubescent females irrespective of the estrous cycle. In adulthood, sex differences in trace conditioning and the response to stress emerged: females outperformed males under unstressed conditions, but after stressor exposure, trace conditioning in females was impaired whereas that in males was enhanced. These differences were not related to changes in gross motor activity or other nonspecific measures of performance. The effects of acute stress on corticosterone, estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone were also measured. Stressor exposure increased the concentration of corticosterone in all age groups, although sex differences were only evident in adults. All reproductive hormones except estradiol increased with age in a predictable and sex dependent fashion and none were affected by stressor exposure. Estradiol decreased in male rats across age, and remained stable for female rats. Together, these data indicate that males and female respond similarly to learning opportunities and stressful experience before and during puberty; it is in adulthood that sex differences and the opposite responses to stress arise.

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“…42 Similarly to human adolescents, during this period rats undergo puberty, progressive and regressive changes in brain volume, maturation of neurotransmitter systems, and increasing production of hormones. [44][45][46][47][48][49][50] Similarly, changes in behavior such as increases in social behavior, risk taking, eating, and sleeping are also observed. [51][52][53][54] All procedures were approved with the UCLA Chancellor's Committee for Animal Research.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Effects of Repeat Traumatic Brain Injury on the Pituitary in Adolescent Rats

Greco¹,

Hovda²,

Prins³

2013

Journal of Neurotrauma

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Adolescents are one of the highest groups at risk for sustaining both traumatic brain injury (TBI) and repeat TBI (RTBI). Consequences of endocrine dysfunction following TBI have been routinely explored in adults, but studies in adolescents are limited, and show an incidence rate of endocrine dysfunction in 16-61% in patients, 1-5 years after injury. Similar to in adults, the most commonly affected axis is growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth hormone 1 (IGF-1). Despite TBI being the primary cause of morbidity and mortality among the pediatric population, there are currently no experimental studies specifically addressing the occurrence of pituitary dysfunction in adolescents. The present study investigated whether a sham, single injury or four repeat injuries (24 h interval) delivered to adolescent rats resulted in disruption of the GH/IGF-1 axis. Circulating levels of basal GH and IGF-1 were measured at baseline, 24 h, 72 h, 1 week, and 1 month after injury, and vascular permeability of the pituitary gland was quantified via Evans Blue dye extravasation. Changes in weight and length of animals were measured as a potential consequence of GH and IGF-1 disruption. The results from the current study demonstrate that RTBI results in significant acute and chronic decreases in circulation of GH and IGF-1, reduction in weight gain and growth, and an increase in Evans Blue dye extravasation in the pituitary compared with sham and single injury animals. RTBI causes significant disruption of the GH/IGF-1 axis that may ultimately affect normal cognitive and physical development during adolescence.

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Control of endogenous norepinephrine release in the hypothalamus of male rats changes over adolescent development

Cited by 43 publications

References 21 publications

The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations

The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations

Distinctive stress effects on learning during puberty

The Effects of Repeat Traumatic Brain Injury on the Pituitary in Adolescent Rats

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