Control of growth hormone secretion in the vertebrates: A comparative survey

Hall, T.R.; Harvey, S.; Scanes, Colin G.

doi:10.1016/0300-9629(86)90608-0

Cited by 67 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 202 publications

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“…1 Neuroendocrine regulation of growth hormone secretion is multifactorial, with a balance of stimulatory and inhibitory neurohormones acting on pituitary somatotrophs. Growth hormone secretion is inhibited by several neuroendocrine factors, including somatostatin, serotonin, norepinephrine and Lglutamate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 The inhibiting action of somatostatin may provide an alternative means of accelerating growth, since the 14 or 28 amino acid residuals of somatostatin containing an S-S bond are potent inhibitors of endogenous growth hormone secretion. 1 One of the more elegant techniques is represented by the active or passive immunisation of animals against the endogenous regulatory peptides, eg somatostatin, to immunoneutralise them. 1,3 Indeed, application of this method in endocrinology has proved to be feasible and provided remarkable success in some studies with rats and sheep.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 One of the more elegant techniques is represented by the active or passive immunisation of animals against the endogenous regulatory peptides, eg somatostatin, to immunoneutralise them. 1,3 Indeed, application of this method in endocrinology has proved to be feasible and provided remarkable success in some studies with rats and sheep. 3 -5 In the case of swine, little published information exists with regard to active or passive immunisation against somatostatin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of dietary supplementation of cysteamine on growth performance, carcass quality, serum hormones and gastric ulcer in finishing pigs

Yang

et al. 2005

J Sci Food Agric

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A study was conducted to determine the effects of graded levels of dietary inclusion of a cysteamine (Cs) preparation on growth performance, carcass quality, plasma hormone levels, gastric pH and occurrence of gastric ulcer in finishing pigs. A total of 384 Landrace × Large White finishing pigs, (192 gilts and 192 barrows) with an average initial body weight of 66.05 ± 0.623 kg (mean ± SEM) were randomly divided into 24 floor pens, with eight gilts and eight barrows in each pen (9.2 m 2 ) as one experimental unit. The 24 pens of pigs were randomly allocated to one of three diets: (1) a maize/soybean meal basal diet; (2) the basal diet plus 30 mg Cs kg −1 diet; and (3) the basal diet plus 50 mg Cs kg −1 diet. Dietary supplementation of Cs had quadratic effects (P < 0.01) on final body weight and average daily gain, with optimal responses occurring at 30 mg kg −1 . Dietary supplementation of Cs quadratically improved (P < 0.01) average daily feed intake and feed/gain ratio, with optimal responses occurring at 30 mg kg −1 . Dietary supplementation of Cs had a quadratic effect (P < 0.01) on muscle RNA/DNA ratio. Furthermore, dietary supplementation of Cs reduced (P < 0.05) back-fat thickness. Dietary supplementation of Cs had quadratic effects (P < 0.05) on plasma glucagon and T 3 hormone levels, with optimal responses occurring at 30 mg kg −1 , but had no effect (P > 0.05) on plasma growth hormone, insulin and T 4 levels. There were no apparent pathological changes seen in the stomach mucosa of pigs fed at 30 mg Cs kg −1 compared with the control diet. It is concluded that a low dose of dietary inclusion of Cs at 30 mg kg −1 can improve growth performance and carcass quality without adverse effects on the stomach in finishing pigs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of dietary supplementation of cysteamine on growth performance, carcass quality, serum hormones and gastric ulcer in finishing pigs

Yang

et al. 2005

J Sci Food Agric

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“…Although the role of TRH-like peptides in protostomes has remained unknown, TRH signaling in vertebrates regulates several aspects of physiology, such as development, growth, reproduction, and locomotor activity (9,(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39). We investigated if TRH-1 neuropeptides mediate C. elegans locomotion by measuring the forward speed of worms on a bacterial lawn and off food.…”

Section: Crispr/cas9-induced Knockout Mutants Of Trh-1 Have Normal Phmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionarily conserved TRH neuropeptide pathway regulates growth in Caenorhabditis elegans

Sinay

Mirabeau

Depuydt

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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In vertebrates thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is a highly conserved neuropeptide that exerts the hormonal control of thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) levels as well as neuromodulatory functions. However, a functional equivalent in protostomian animals remains unknown, although TRH receptors are conserved in proto-and deuterostomians. Here we identify a TRH-like neuropeptide precursor in Caenorhabditis elegans that belongs to a bilaterian family of TRH precursors. Using CRISPR/Cas9 and RNAi reverse genetics, we show that TRH-like neuropeptides, through the activation of their receptor TRHR-1, promote growth in C. elegans. TRH-like peptides from pharyngeal motor neurons are required for normal body size, and knockdown of their receptor in pharyngeal muscle cells reduces growth. Mutants deficient for TRH signaling have no defects in pharyngeal pumping or isthmus peristalsis rates, but their growth defect depends on the bacterial diet. In addition to the decrease in growth, trh-1 mutants have a reduced number of offspring. Our study suggests that TRH is an evolutionarily ancient neuropeptide, having its origin before the divergence of protostomes and deuterostomes, and may ancestrally have been involved in the control of postembryonic growth and reproduction.thyrotropin-releasing hormone | C. elegans | neuropeptide | molecular evolution | growth regulation A fter Harris's initial proposal on the hypothalamic control of pituitary secretion (1), it took almost two decades to identify the first hypophysiotropic molecule. In 1969 the groups of Schally and Guillemin isolated the tripeptide pQHP-NH 2 (2, 3), named "thyrotropin-releasing hormone" (TRH). The sequence of TRH is fully conserved across all vertebrates, indicating that strong evolutionary pressure has acted to preserve its structure (4). In all vertebrate phyla TRH is synthesized from a larger precursor protein (preproTRH) that contains five to eight copies of the TRH sequence (4). Following the explosion of genome and transcriptome sequence data, preproTRH was identified in chordate species lacking a bona fide pituitary, e.g., cephalochordates (5), and in the genomes of more ancient deuterostomes, including echinoderms (6, 7). In contrast to vertebrate (pQHP-NH 2 ) and chordate (pQSP-NH 2 ) tripeptide TRHs, most predicted echinoderm TRHs are tetrapeptidesLike vertebrate TRH, they are small peptides with an N-terminal pyroglutamate, a C-terminal amide (-NH 2 ) group, and amino acids with aromatic or cyclic side chains at the second and third positions. TRH therefore is widely distributed throughout the deuterostomian lineage of the Animal Kingdom, suggesting an ancient origin for this neuropeptide hormone.In mammals, hypothalamic TRH is the prime regulator of the set point of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) synthesis and secretion by the anterior pituitary thyrotrophs (9). TSH secretion stimulates the thyroid gland to produce the thyroid hormones (THs) thyroxine (T 4 ) and triiodothyronine (T 3 ). The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis is essentia...

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“…In birds, TRH is a major stimulatory factor of GH secretion (Hall et al 1986;Harvey 1990), and TRH has also been reported to stimulate GH secretion in frogs (Hall and Chadwick 1984) and turtles (Denver and Licht 1989). A stimulatory effect of TRH on GH release has been suggested in the sailfin molly based on electrophoretic measurements of GH (Wigham and Batten 1984) and TRH stimulates GH release from perifused fragments of the goldfish pituitary (Trudeau et al 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The regulatory effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on growth hormone secretion from the pituitary of common carp in vitro

Lin

Peter

1993

Fish Physiol Biochem

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The effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on growth hormone (GH) and gonadotropin (GtH) release, and the influences of somatostatin (SRIF), the dopamine agonist apomorphine (APO) and extracellular calcium on basal and TRH-induced GH release were examined using an in vitro perifusion system for pituitary fragments of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Five minute pulses of different dosages of TRH stimulated a rapid and dose-dependent increase in GH release from the perifused pituitary fragments with an ED50 of 9.7 ± 2.3 nM. TRH was ineffective on GtH release. SRIF significantly inhibited basal and TRH-induced GH release from the perifused pituitary fragments, and the effects of SRIF were dose-dependent. APO induced a dose-dependent increase in basal and TRH-stimulated GH release from the perifused pituitary fragments. Increasing the concentrations of extracellular calcium from 0 mM to 1.25 mM resulted in an increase in basal and TRH-induced GH release. The high dose of calcium (6.25 mM) caused a slight decrease in basal and TRH-induced GH release compared with those at a concentration of 1.25 mM.

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Control of growth hormone secretion in the vertebrates: A comparative survey

Cited by 67 publications

References 202 publications

Effects of dietary supplementation of cysteamine on growth performance, carcass quality, serum hormones and gastric ulcer in finishing pigs

Effects of dietary supplementation of cysteamine on growth performance, carcass quality, serum hormones and gastric ulcer in finishing pigs

Evolutionarily conserved TRH neuropeptide pathway regulates growth in Caenorhabditis elegans

The regulatory effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on growth hormone secretion from the pituitary of common carp in vitro

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