Control ofAilanthus altissimausing cut stump and basal bark herbicide applications in an eighteenth‐century fortress

Abstract

Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (tree of haven) is an arboreous plant belonging to the Simaroubaceae family. Native to China and North Vietnam, this species has by now spread to all the continents, except Antarctica. It is considered one of the most invasive plants (Weber and Gut, 2004), it can easily grow on different substrates, and it tolerates air pollution, dry conditions and high concentrations of salt and heavy metals (Kowarik and Säumel, 2007; Sladonja et al., 2015). It is a shade-intolerant species; thus, it is difficult for it to grow in mature forests, but it can rapidly exploit a lack of forest canopy to form dense populations. A. altissima can determine important ecosystemic, economic, health and social impacts (Sladonja et al., 2015). The most problematic issue is related to the potential reduction of biodiversity (Motard et al., 2015) in particular in protected areas (Campagnaro et al., 2018). Its fast colonisation is due both to its rapid growth and highly competitive ability, and to the production of allelopathic compounds, such as the quassinoid ailanthone, which has been proven to have herbicidal activity (Demasi et al., 2019). This species also infests meadows, vineyards and olive groves, and it is in particular present in urban areas and disturbed sites, such as roads, railways, field edges and fallow areas (Sladonja

Herbicide Options to Control Naturalised Infestations of Cereus uruguayanus in Rangeland Environments of Australia

“…The remaining upper portion of the plant would then slowly die over time while still upright, although the stems of several larger plants fell over and died lying on the ground. Differences in response of small and large woody plants to basal bark treatments are not uncommon, with smaller plants generally more susceptible [ 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”

“…Both the traditional and thinline basal bark methods are used to control invasive woody weeds [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. In the current study, they provided similar efficacy and either could be used depending on the preference of the operator.…”

The Invasive Ailanthus altissima: A Biology, Ecology, and Control Review

“…For example, when comparing mechanical versus chemical, it was found a mortality of 21.3% by manual cutting versus near total control with different herbicides [70]. Other authors have demonstrated that herbicides such as glyphosate, imazapyr, picloram, triclopyr, or 2.4-D had better control than mechanical methods alone [21,71,72]. When comparing cutting versus herbicide application over the cut stump with glyphosate, imazapyr, or triclopyr, trees without herbicide produced more resprouts than trees with herbicide [73].…”

“…The rapid entry into flowering (fourth year), the huge amount of seed production, the wind dispersal, and the vegetative reproduction favor its expansion and enhance its persistency [7]. Its ecological preference for altered and degraded ecosystems and its well-developed root system make this species frequent in communication corridors such as railways, freeways, or walkways [2], in which it damages constructions and pavements and reduces visibility [18], in rural areas along fencerows, woodland edges, or forest openings [2], and in heritage areas such as archaeological monuments, degrading them [19][20][21][22]. But, apart from physical damage, this species has allelopathic effects.…”

Ailanthus altissima leaf extract mediated green production of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles for antibacterial and antioxidant activity

“…A. altissima is a deciduous treed belonging to the family Simaroubaceae and native to Southeast Asia and India. Due to its ornamental value, this plant has been widely cultivated in Africa, Oceania, and Europe ( Zhang et al, 2007a , Zhang et al, 2007b , Fogliatto et al, 2020 ) but it can be found in several countries across Europe and North America. It has been widely used to treat ophthalmic illnesses, ascariasis, spermatorrhea, bleeding, asthma, and epilepsy ( Yang et al, 2014 , Kim et al, 2016 ).…”