Control of Insecticide Exhaustion Tn Sheep Showers

Graham, N. P. H.; Sinclair, A. N.; Cavey, W. A.

doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1959.tb08449.x

Aust Veterinary J

1959

DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1959.tb08449.x

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Control of Insecticide Exhaustion Tn Sheep Showers

N. P. H. Graham

A. N. Sinclair²,

W. A. Cavey³

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1963

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Cited by 8 publications

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“…I undertook field tests of this proposition and the results were published. 2,4 This work had two major benefits. One was a simple method for controlling stripping, also we were able to design a new shower sump which had a much smaller volume.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Sinclair¹

1999

Aust Veterinary J

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sinclair¹

1999

Aust Veterinary J

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Changes in diazinon concentrations during shower and plunge dipping of Merino sheep

Lund

Levot

Black

2005

Aust. J. Exp. Agric.

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The rate of removal of diazinon from solution (stripping) during dipping of adult short wool Merino sheep was similar in a standard and modified Buzacott 60R shower dip. During 12 min showering, dip concentration fell from about 100 mg/L to about 20 mg/L. Addition of insecticide concentrate (reinforcement) and sufficient fresh solution to re-establish original sump volume (topping up or replenishment) at this point restored dip concentration but was contrary to product label instructions. Adherence to the label directions to reinforce and top up after the sump was depleted by 25% (after 2 pens of sheep in the case of the standard dip) caused dip concentration to drop below the limit of quantification (10 mg/L). Similarly, current directions for continuous replenishment (commonly referred to as constant replenishment) shower dipping failed to offset diazinon stripping. Continuous replenishment plunge dipping with diazinon for the control of lice on sheep is an off-label use of the product; however, we demonstrated that a working concentration of about 100 mg diazinon /L (the nominal rate for lice control) was maintained in a 5000 L non-draining dip if charged and replenished at 200 mg diazinon/L. By maintaining 100 mg/L, this regimen was more likely to eradicate lice from sheep. This work also identified, by calculation, large and potentially significant variations in the dose of diazinon applied per sheep due to the application method, reinforcement practice and whether the sheep were treated early or late in the dipping sequence.

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Alternative replenishment regimens to maintain diazinon concentration during shower, plunge and immersion cage dipping of Merino sheep

Levot

Lund²

2007

Aust. J. Exp. Agric.

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Constant replenishment of a 1000-L Buzzacott shower dip sump with diazinon solution at concentrations 100, 200, 300 or 500 mg/L failed to maintain the initial charge rate of 100 mg/L when short-wool Merino sheep were showered for 12 min. According to these regimens, by the completion of dipping the third pen of sheep working concentrations had dropped to 11, 29, 35 and 51 mg/L for sheep treated with replenishment solutions of 100, 200, 300 and 500 mg/L, respectively. These results suggest that the working concentration of diazinon sheep dips may be increased and maintained by raising the concentration of the replenishment solution. On average, wool samples taken from these sheep immediately after dipping contained 207, 453, 473 and 730 mg/kg, respectively. Comparison of dip concentration and wool residues indicated a linear relationship. This suggests that the capacity for Merino wool to absorb diazinon had not yet reached saturation. Compounding the difficulties with the reliability of constant replenishment shower dipping, current label directions for reinforcement and topping-up of diazinon sheep dips are unclear and often misinterpreted. A simpler and far more reliable strategy that ensured that each pen of sheep was treated similarly was tested. In this scheme, sufficient fresh dip wash (540 mg/L) from the replenishment tank was transferred to the dip sump to restore the initial sump volume after showering of each pen of sheep. This scheme reliably restored the sump concentration to the current nominal initial charge rate (100 mg/L) and was by far the easiest and most practical replenishment scheme tested. This should be the preferred strategy for shower dipping. Working concentrations of diazinon in a 5000-L mobile plunge dip charged at 100 mg/L and constantly replenished with 200 mg/L solution were maintained close to the nominal application rate of 100 mg/L. Current product label directions for reinforcement and topping-up of plunge dips were shown to be suitable for immersion cage dips operated according to these principles.

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Control of Insecticide Exhaustion Tn Sheep Showers

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Correspondence

Correspondence

Changes in diazinon concentrations during shower and plunge dipping of Merino sheep

Alternative replenishment regimens to maintain diazinon concentration during shower, plunge and immersion cage dipping of Merino sheep

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