Control of Polymerization Reactors

Leiza, José R.; Pinto, José Carlos

doi:10.1002/9780470692134.ch8

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 199 publications

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“…This instability is related to thermal, viscous, hydrodynamic and kinetic effects. [ 59 ] This is particularly true for this analyzed process, as described by Oliveira et al. [ 60 ] According to these authors, the investigated bulk propylene polymerization process operates at unstable steady‐state conditions, so that the safety of the operation, quality of the produced resin and stability of the steady‐state condition must be guaranteed by regulatory control loops.…”

Section: Model Developmentmentioning

confidence: 96%

Optimization of Grade Transitions in Bulk Poly(propylene) Polymerizations

Silva

Melo

Pinto

2023

Macro Reaction Engineering

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In the present paper, a dynamic optimization problem regarding grade transitions in bulk poly(propylene) polymerization processes is formulated and solved for the first time. Initially, a detailed dynamic process model is presented and implemented, comprising mass and energy balances, some of the polymer properties (such as the melting flow index and the xylene solubles) and regulatory control loops. Additionally, the effects of cocatalyst and electron donor on the propagation rate constant are taken into account. Then, the dynamic optimization problem is formulated and an evolutionary algorithm is used to solve the resulting nonlinear programming problem. It is shown that there is significant coupling among the manipulated variables and the controlled performance and polymer property variables, which adds complexity to the grade transition problem and demands the simultaneous manipulation of multiple variables during transitions. Despite the inherent open‐loop unstable nature of the analyzed process, it is shown that smooth grade transition trajectories can be accomplished through proper adjustment of the objective function weights. Finally, it is shown that the obtained optimum trajectories can significantly diminish the transition time, which can be of paramount importance for the plant economics.

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Section: Model Developmentmentioning

confidence: 96%

Optimization of Grade Transitions in Bulk Poly(propylene) Polymerizations

Silva

Melo

Pinto

2023

Macro Reaction Engineering

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“…P12: Accident prevention). [ 41 ] ATRP seldom exhibits a gel effect. [ 42 ] Although at high conversion the increased viscosity leads to decreased termination rate and increased R p / R t ratio, the concentration of radicals in ATRP is established by activation‐deactivation equilibrium and not by a steady‐state between initiation and termination.…”

Section: The 12 Principles Of Green Chemistry and Their Implementatio...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Green Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: Current Status and Future Challenges

et al. 2022

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Dedicated to Professor Klaus Muellen on the occasion of his 75th birthdayReversible-deactivation radical polymerizations (RDRPs) have revolutionized synthetic polymer chemistry. Nowadays, RDRPs facilitate design and preparation of materials with controlled architecture, composition, and functionality. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has evolved beyond traditional polymer field, enabling synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrids, bioconjugates, advanced polymers for electronics, energy, and environmentally relevant polymeric materials for broad applications in various fields. This review focuses on the relation between ATRP technology and the 12 principles of green chemistry, which are paramount guidelines in sustainable research and implementation. The green features of ATRP are presented, discussing the environmental and/or health issues and the challenges that remain to be overcome. Key discoveries and recent developments in green ATRP are highlighted, while providing a perspective for future opportunities in this area.

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“…An important and established automation technology in industrial applications is computer control of reactors. 193,194 Strictly, where any temperature control is used, it is autonomous; though hotplates and oil baths perhaps do not represent the newest of innovations. Much more stringent temperature control is required for industrial applications due to the large volumes used and the subsequent potential for much more catastrophic exotherms.…”

Section: Automationmentioning

confidence: 99%