“…Vanishing and exploding gradients and, most importantly, the lack of As computing systems have improved, new kinds of DL architectures have been introduced, and improvements have been made in optimizers, activation functions, loss functions, and the disappearing and exploding gradient issues. DL is now being used to solve a variety of cyber security problems, and it outperforms that classical ML in every case depicts two types of DL architecture: generative and discriminative [19]. Deep Boltzmann machine (DBM), deep autoencoder (DAE), deep belief network (DBN), and recurrent structures are used to generate new ideas.…”