Control of soda-lime glass surface crystallization with thermal poling

Dergachev, Alexey; Kaasik, V. P.; Lipovskii, A. A.; Melehin, V. G.; Redkov, A. V.; Reshetov, Ilya; Tagantsev, D. K.

doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2020.119899

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Generally, during the ion-exchange processing of sodium containing silicate glasses, sodium ions in glass are replaced with silver ions from the melt, which results in a small red shift of UV optical absorption edge [28]. The thermal poling in close anode configuration, in turn, results in the formation of a subsurface glass layer depleted with movable ions, first of all sodium ions, and, therefore, inhibits silver ions ion-exchange diffusion into the anodic side of the glass [12,29]. Thus, one can expect that the optical absorption of the vacuum-poled glass remains almost unchanged after the ion-exchange and the glass stays transparent as do air-poled and non-poled ion-exchanged glasses.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is mainly due to results obtained in studies of poled multicomponent glasses, which essentially differ from long-time studied poling of silica glasses. Contrary to a silica glass, multicomponent glasses demonstrate poling-induced altering of surface wetting [1] and reactivity [2,3] allowing for the formation of given 2D relief structures via etching [4,5], a change in refractive index [6,7], hardness [8,9], volume [10], and crystallization ability [11,12]. Additionally, extremely high second-order optical nonlinearity of a poled multicomponent glass has recently been registered [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Visualization of Spatial Charge in Thermally Poled Glasses via Nanoparticles Formation

et al. 2021

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It is shown for the first time that the vacuum poling of soda-lime silicate glass and the subsequent processing of the glass in a melt containing silver ions results in the formation of silver nanoparticles buried in the subanodic region of the glass at a depth of 800–1700 nm. We associate the formation of nanoparticles with the transfer of electrons from negatively charged non-bridging oxygen atoms to silver ions, their reduction as well as their clustering. The nanoparticles do not form in the ion-depleted area just beneath the glass surface, which indicates the absence of a spatial charge (negatively charged oxygen atoms) in this region of the vacuum-poled glass. In consequence, the neutralization of the glass via switching of non-bridging oxygen bonds to bridging ones, which leads to the release of oxygen, should occur in parallel with the shift of calcium, magnesium, and sodium ions into the depth of the glass.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visualization of Spatial Charge in Thermally Poled Glasses via Nanoparticles Formation

et al. 2021

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“…4,11 At the anode-faced surface, the high electric fields can lead to phase separation during the poling process and to the crystallization of β-cristobalite (SiO 2 ), diopside (MgCaSi 2 O 6 ), or larnite (β-Ca 2 SiO 4 ) in a subsequent heat-treatment above the glass transition temperature. 5,6 Oriented crystallization was observed in ferroelectric glass-ceramic systems after double-staged heat treatment. Shyu and Chen 12 found that an electric field, which is applied to a PbO-TiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 glass during the nucleation stage, can force PbTiO 3 crystals to grow with a preferred orientation along the <100>-axis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prior investigations have shown that the thermal poling process can lead, among others, to changes in the chemical durability 2 or refractive index 3 and even provides the possibility of secondharmonic generation 4 or crystallization of near-surface layers. 5,6 For fused silica and soda-lime-silica glasses, a detailed description of the processes inside the glass exists, which gives a good picture of the basic principles. [7][8][9][10] As a result of the applied voltage, cations migrate toward the cathode-faced surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been shown that voltages above 1.8 kV can lead to surface crystallization in soda-lime-silica glasses. 5,6 On the cathodefaced surface, crystalline sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrated sodium-metasilicate (Na 2 Si 2 O 5 ⋅nH 2 O) were observed after the thermal poling process. 4,11 At the anode-faced surface, the high electric fields can lead to phase separation during the poling process and to the crystallization of β-cristobalite (SiO 2 ), diopside (MgCaSi 2 O 6 ), or larnite (β-Ca 2 SiO 4 ) in a subsequent heat-treatment above the glass transition temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Controlled surface crystallization of lithium‐zinc‐alumosilicate glass‐ceramics using thermal poling

et al. 2022

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Two glasses from the lithium-zinc-alumosilicate (LZAS) glass-ceramic system were thermally poled at 0.5 and 0.9 T g and subsequently crystallized in heat-treatment. Underneath the anode-faced surface of the as-poled glasses, a lithium depletion layer was found with layer thicknesses up to 15 μm. Between the depletion layer and the bulk, an accumulation of sodium was measured.Structural alterations underneath the anode-faced and cathode-faced surfaces of the crystallized glasses were examined using grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. A mainly amorphous layer was observed on all anode-faced surfaces, each containing only small amounts of high-quartz solid solution (high-quartz s.s.). The low crystalline content was attributed to a reduced lithium content when compared to the untreated reference. Additionally, in one sample a keatite solid solution (keatite s.s.) formed in the anode-faced surface with its phase content increasing with the poling temperature. The transformation of high-quartz s.s. to keatite s.s. is facilitated by a silica-rich glass composition beneath the anode-faced surface. Underneath the cathode-faced surface high crystalline contents were obtained, which even exceed the crystalline phase contents found in the untreated reference samples. In combination with an observable larger lattice parameter of the high-quartz s.s. phase, it could be assumed that Li + cations enrich at the cathode-faced surface. The enrichment of Li + cations on the cathode-faced and their depletion on the anode-faced surface lead to different particle sizes. Small grains were observed underneath the amorphous layer in the anode-faced surface, while larger grains with an overall broader particle size distribution were found on the cathode-faced surface.

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