Control of Supercapacitors for smooth EMA Operations in Aeronautical Applications

Stability and Control for Buck–Boost Converter for Aeronautic Power Management

“…The total resistance of the connected loads becomes equal to 60 Ω at t = 20 s; this allows for selection of a positive reference value for the converter input current equal to 4 A. As in the interval [5,10] s, the generator current reaches an approximate value of 15 A, and the converter input current reaches the given reference. It is interesting to notice how, as stated in the theoretical analysis, the current ι 1 monotonically converges towards the reference both when x ∈ Ω 1 and x ∈ Ω 2 (see also Figure 9).…”

“…For instance, the presence of auxiliary batteries is exploited to implement load-sharing policies between the aircraft generator and the battery itself to allow the installation of smaller, thus lighter, onboard generators [8,9]. Supercapacitors, instead, can be adopted for their intrinsic capability to absorb or provide fast power peaks, thus allowing stress reduction on the mechanical parts of the aircraft generator [10,11].…”

A Battery Cell Equalisation System Based on a Supercapacitors Tank and DC–DC Converters for Automotive Applications

“…The design procedures of the equalisation systems specialised for Li-ion battery cells have been improved in the last several years, giving an accuracy rate of 99.707% and a total precision rate of 99.995%, as reported in [34], with improved volume and weight [35]. As active balancing shows significantly better energy efficiency and overall performance [34], various dynamic balancing topologies have been studied [36][37][38][39][40][41][42] offering different advantages: accommodating a redundant battery, improving the power density [36]; using a double-layer hybrid topology with improved equalisation speed [37]; using multiport converters improving the system functionality [38,39]; combining the battery equalisation and battery charging circuits reducing the overall cost, weight and volume [40]; using a SCES as redundant energy storage [41,42], based on bi-directional DC-DC converter or low dropout regulators for fast and efficient cell equalisation system. Despite the selected topology, one of the most critical sub-systems determining the overall system's efficiency and flexibility is the electronic converter, transferring the energy for the equalisation process.…”

A Saturated Higher Order Sliding Mode Control Approach for DC/DC Converters

“…DC/DC converters are electronic devices able to convert a source of direct current from a voltage level to another. Due to their wide range of possible power levels, they have been widely adopted in several applications such as microgrids [1], transportation systems [2] or photovoltaic systems [3]. These devices are controlled by properly acting on the power electronic switches through a periodic, high-frequency switching signal generated by a Pulse-Width Modulator (PWM) to obtain the desired output voltage.…”