Control of the electrode work function and active layer morphology via surface modification of indium tin oxide for high efficiency organic photovoltaics

Kim, Jong Soo; Park, Jong Hwan; Lee, Ji Hwang; Jo, Jang; Kim, Dong‐Yu; Cho, Kilwon

doi:10.1063/1.2778548

Cited by 226 publications

(148 citation statements)

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“…11,12 Previous investigations show that the performance improvement of an organic solar cell through the introduction of self-assembled monolayers of molecules on ITO substrates with dipole moment of appropriate direction and magnitude. 13,14 This method effectively changes the work function of ITO and decreases the injection barrier between ITO and the HOMO level of the active layer in organic solar cells. Another approach shows that the formation of an interfacial energy step could improve the charge collection efficiency in organic photovoltaic devices and thereby increase their efficiency.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved efficiency of P3HT:PCBM solar cells by incorporation of silver oxide interfacial layer

Das

Alford

2014

Journal of Applied Physics

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confidence: 99%

Improved efficiency of P3HT:PCBM solar cells by incorporation of silver oxide interfacial layer

Das

Alford

2014

Journal of Applied Physics

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“…From the UPS data, the work functions of GO, HYD-rGO, and T-rGO were calculated to be 4.7, 4.2, and 4.5 eV, respectively. It is reported that NH 2 functional groups have lone pair electrons, and these groups exhibit electrondonating characteristics [16]. Furthermore, negatively charged oxygen atoms could repel the free electrons in the conduction band, increasing the work function of ITO [37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These issues illustrate the need for a chemically stable and mechanically uniform material to be used as the HEL to replace PEDOT:PSS in OPVs. Therefore, many attempts have been made using metal oxides, selfassembled monolayers, and p-type polymer blends [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19].…”

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confidence: 99%

Graphene oxide/PEDOT:PSS and reduced graphene oxide/PEDOT:PSS hole extraction layers in organic photovoltaic cells

Park

Choi

Kim

2012

Physica Status Solidi (a)

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A comparison was made between the use of graphene oxide (GO)/poly(ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/PEDOT:PSS as a hole extraction layer (HEL) in organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. Hydrazine hydrate (HYD) and the thermal method were adopted to change the GO to rGO. The OPV cell with the GO ($2 nm)/PEDOT:PSS HEL exhibits a power conversion efficiency (PCE) as high as 3.53% under 100 mW/cm 2 illumination and air mass conditions, which is higher than that of the OPV cell without the HEL, viz. 1.78%. The device with the PEDOT:PSS/GO HEL shows a similar PCE of 3.48%. However, the PCE of the OPV cell with the rGO/PEDOT:PSS HEL is not high as those of the cells with the HYD-rGO/ PEDOT:PSS and T-rGO/PEDOT:PSS, viz. 3.3 and 3.37%, respectively. The work function of GO was 4.7 eV, but those of HYD-rGO and T-rGO were 4.2 and 4.5 eV, respectively, suggesting that the decrease of the barrier height between GO and active materials is higher than that in rGO case.

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“…Further, surface modification techniques can be used to fine tune the work function of ITO based organic optoelectronic devices to enhance the performance. 7,22,23 …”

Section: I-v Characteristics Of Bothmentioning

confidence: 99%

Work Function Extraction of Indium Tin Oxide Films from MOSFET Devices

Nehate

Prakash

Mani

et al. 2018

ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol.

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Recent commercialization has increased the research interest in transparent conducting oxides like indium tin oxide being implemented in display technologies and sensors. A wide range of values (4.2-5 eV) for the work function of ITO films are reported in literature. In this paper, we present an approach to extract the work function of indium tin oxide films from MOSFET devices. RF sputtered indium tin oxide is used as a transparent gate electrode to fabricate n-MOSFET. For the fabrication of the MOSFET, a four-level mask is used. Electrical characterization is performed on these MOSFET devices. We obtained work function value in the range between 4.62-4.81 eV using this technique. © The Author Indium tin oxide (ITO) is highly conductive wide bandgap semiconductor and exhibits excellent light transmission characteristics in visible and infrared spectrum. 1 The high electrical conductivity is due to contribution of oxygen vacancies and substitutional tin (Sn). Due to these unique properties, they are used as passive elements such as transparent electrodes in light-emitting devices (LED), 2 solar cells 3 and liquid crystal displays. 4 ITO is also used in organic electroluminescent devices like organic-LED (OLED) as an anode or a hole-injecting electrode due to its characteristic high work function ( ). 5 The work function of ITO also plays a central role in determining the efficiency and performance of the OLEDs and organic photovoltaics (OPVs) through control of hole injection process. 6,7 ITO is commonly regarded as high work function electrode. In the past, ITO has been used as hole collecting electrode in OPVs, or hole injecting electrode in OLEDs. Currently, OPVs or OLEDs are gaining popularity for being implemented with an inverted structure for improved air stability. The work function of ITO is reduced to facilitate electron collection or injection in such inverted structures.In many such applications, the work function has a significant impact on the device performance as it affects the energy barrier height at the heterojunction interface. 8 Additionally, applications like thermionic emission and Schottky effect require work function to act as a critical factor to determine the amount of current that can be emitted from a hot cathode. 9,10 Furthermore, determination of work function is of great importance to understand wide range of surface phenomenon in numerous applications utilizing indium tin oxide films. Hence, the work function of ITO is of critical importance. Work function measurements are broadly divided into two categories, absolute and relative measurements. Relative measurements involve probing methods such as Kelvin probe method, which makes use of contact potential difference between the sample and the reference electrode. 11 Absolute measurements employ photoemission, thermionic emission, field emission etc, in order to eject the surface electrons and are extensively characterized to obtain the absolute work function values. The problems with these methods are that they are expensive and i...

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Control of the electrode work function and active layer morphology via surface modification of indium tin oxide for high efficiency organic photovoltaics

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Cited by 226 publications

References 19 publications

Improved efficiency of P3HT:PCBM solar cells by incorporation of silver oxide interfacial layer

Improved efficiency of P3HT:PCBM solar cells by incorporation of silver oxide interfacial layer

Graphene oxide/PEDOT:PSS and reduced graphene oxide/PEDOT:PSS hole extraction layers in organic photovoltaic cells

Work Function Extraction of Indium Tin Oxide Films from MOSFET Devices

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