Control of the surface expression of uvomorulin after activation of mouse oocytes

Clayton, Lesley; Jm, McConnell; Mh, Johnson

doi:10.1017/s0967199400002550

Cited by 18 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…However, this occurs very rapidly after egg activation and is blocked by perturbation of F-actin (Sun and Schatten, 2006), unlike the betaine/proline transporter. A better candidate is a distinct process of protein trafficking that has been reported to be more slowly induced by egg activation in mammals and is blocked by BFA but insensitive to disruption of F-actin or microtubules (Clayton et al, 1995), similar to our findings here for betaine/proline transport. This mechanism mediates the appearance of the cell adhesion molecule uvomorulin (E-cadherin) in the plasma membrane over a period of 6 hours following egg activation (Clayton et al, 1995), and occurs during the same period that the fragmented, inactive Golgi in MII oocytes becomes reorganized following fertilization (Payne and Schatten, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

SIT1 is a betaine/proline transporter that is activated in mouse eggs after fertilization and functions until the 2-cell stage

Anas¹,

Lee²,

Zhou³

et al. 2008

Development

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*Betaine (N,N,N-trimethylglycine) added to culture media is known to substantially improve the development of preimplantation mouse embryos in vitro, and to be imported into 1-cell embryos by a transporter that also accepts proline. Here, we found that the betaine/proline transporter is active in preimplantation mouse embryos only for a short period of development, between the 1-and 2-cell stages. Betaine/proline transport was activated after fertilization, beginning ~4 hours post-egg activation and reaching a maximum by ~10 hours. One-and 2-cell embryos contained endogenous betaine, indicating that a likely function for the transporter in vivo is the accumulation or retention of intracellular betaine. The appearance of transport activity after egg activation was independent of protein synthesis, but was reversibly blocked by disruption of the Golgi with brefeldin A. We assessed two candidates for the betaine/proline transporter: SIT1 (IMINO; encoded by Slc6a20a) and PROT (Slc6a7). mRNA from both genes was present in eggs and 1-cell embryos. However, when exogenously expressed in Xenopus oocytes, mouse PROT did not transport betaine and had an inhibition profile different from that of the embryonic transporter. By contrast, exogenously expressed mouse SIT1 transported both betaine and proline and closely resembled the embryonic transporter. A morpholino oligonucleotide designed to block translation of SIT1, when present from the germinal vesicle stage, blocked the appearance of betaine transport activity in parthenogenotes. Thus, SIT1 is likely to be a developmentally restricted betaine transporter in mouse preimplantation embryos that is activated by fertilization.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

SIT1 is a betaine/proline transporter that is activated in mouse eggs after fertilization and functions until the 2-cell stage

Anas¹,

Lee²,

Zhou³

et al. 2008

Development

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“…Controversy exists about the functionality of the ER-Golgi secretory pathway in preimplantation embryos before EGA, since supplementation of the culture medium with Brefeldin A (BFA), a fungal metabolite which interrupts ER-to-Golgi vesicle transport, does not inhibit bovine embryos from reaching the eight-cell stage (Payne & Schatten, 2003). Likewise, BFA does not inhibit cleavage to the two-cell stage in mice (Clayton, McConnell & Johnson, 1995). On the other hand, analysis of the culture medium of murine embryos by mass spectrometry revealed the presence of secreted proteins after only 24 h of culture (Katz-Jaffe, Schoolcraft & Gardner, 2006) but further research is needed to determine whether these proteins were secreted by the ER-Golgi secretory pathway.…”

Section: (1) Proteins/peptidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autocrine embryotropins revisited: how do embryos communicate with each otherin vitrowhen cultured in groups?

Wydooghe

Vandaele²,

Heras

et al. 2015

Biol Rev

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In the absence of the maternal genital tract, preimplantation embryos can develop in vitro in culture medium where all communication with the oviduct or uterus is absent. In several mammalian species, it has been observed that embryos cultured in groups thrive better than those cultured singly. Here we argue that group-cultured embryos are able to promote their own development in vitro by the production of autocrine embryotropins that putatively serve as a communication tool. The concept of effective communication implies an origin, a signalling agent, and finally a recipient that is able to decode the message. We illustrate this concept by demonstrating that preimplantation embryos are able to secrete autocrine factors in several ways, including active secretion, passive outflow, or as messengers bound to a molecular vehicle or transported within extracellular vesicles. Likewise, we broaden the traditional view that inter-embryo communication is dictated mainly by growth factors, by discussing a wide range of other biochemical messengers including proteins, lipids, neurotransmitters, saccharides, and microRNAs, all of which can be exchanged among embryos cultured in a group. Finally, we describe how different classes of messenger molecules are decoded by the embryo and influence embryo development by triggering different pathways. When autocrine embryotropins such as insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) or platelet activating factor (PAF) bind to their appropriate receptor, the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway will be activated which is important for embryo survival. On the other hand, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is activated when compounds such as hyaluronic acid and serotonin bind to their respective receptors, thereby acting as growth factors. By activating the peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor family (PPAR) pathway, lipophilic autocrine factors such as prostaglandins or fatty acids have both survival and anti-apoptotic functions. In conclusion, considering different types of messenger molecules simultaneously will be crucial to understanding more comprehensively how embryos communicate with each other in group-culture systems. This approach will assist in the development of novel media for single-embryo culture.

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“…The reason for cell fusion was thought to be as follows. The total number of membrane proteins such as glycoproteins, decreased quantitatively due to the blocking of protein secretion, and therefore the structure of the plasma membrane became un- recovery from the inhibitory effect occurrs rapidly after removal of the drug [8,18]. When the application of BFA was limited to 6 h (from 0 to 6 hpd), almost all of the embryos divided into the 8-cell stage within a few hours (Table 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Brefeldin-A on the Development of Mouse 4-Cell Embryos In Vitro.

Ogawa

Mori

Shimizu

1997

Journal of Reproduction and Development

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Abstract. The effect of the protein secretion inhibitor, brefeldin-A on the development of mouse 4-cell embryos was investigated. Four-cell embryos of various ages (0,2,3,4,5,6,7, and 8 h post division to the 4-cell stage) were cultured continuously in a medium containing 5 µg/ml brefeldin-A, and the embryos were observed for the evidence of cell division. Developmental rates to the 8-cell stage were significantly lower in embryos cultured with brefeldin-A from 0, 2, 3, 4 and 5 h post division to the 4-cell stage (16.4%, 25.0%, 42.9%, 56.7% and 56.9%, respectively). The embryos placed in BFA from 6, 7 and 8 h post division to the 4-cell stage cleaved normally (85.5%, 94.0% and 100%, respectively). Some of the embryos in which cell division did not occur consisted of 2 or 3 blastomeres that were binucleate. However, when the brefeldin-A application was limited to 6 h, the ability of cell division was reverted (more than 80%). Most of these embryos formed blastocoel cavity by 40 h post division to the 4-cell stage as normal embryos. refeldin-A (BFA) is a fungal metabolite that inhibits vesicular transport from the endoplasmic Materials and Methods Embryo collection and culture in vitroF1 (C57BL/6 × C3H/He) female mice (6-10 weeks old) were superovulated by intraperitoneal injection of 8 IU pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin (PMSG, Sankyo, Japan) followed 48 h later by 8 IU human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG, Teikokuzoki, Japan). The female mice were placed with ICR male mice overnight, and mating was confirmed by a vaginal plug the following morning. Mated mice were slaughtered by cervical dislocation and late 2-cell embryos were collected at 44-46 h post hCG, by flushing the oviducts with medium PB1 [9] containing 3 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (BSA: Fraction V, Sigma). After washing several times, groups of 8-10 embryos were cultured in 20 µl drops of fresh BWW [10] containing 5 mg/ml BSA and 0.04 mg/ml EDTA

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Control of the surface expression of uvomorulin after activation of mouse oocytes

Cited by 18 publications

References 40 publications

SIT1 is a betaine/proline transporter that is activated in mouse eggs after fertilization and functions until the 2-cell stage

SIT1 is a betaine/proline transporter that is activated in mouse eggs after fertilization and functions until the 2-cell stage

Autocrine embryotropins revisited: how do embryos communicate with each otherin vitrowhen cultured in groups?

Effect of Brefeldin-A on the Development of Mouse 4-Cell Embryos In Vitro.

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