Control of Toxic Metal Emissions from Combustors Using Sorbents: A Review

Biswas, Pratim; Wu, Chang Yu

doi:10.1080/10473289.1998.10463657

Cited by 172 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 113 publications

(189 reference statements)

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“…59,237,238 Others have studied the injection of sorbents for metals control, which captures the volatile metals in a sorbentderived particle. 102,232,239,240 In some cases, a non-leachable solid was formed.…”

Section: Incineration Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combustion Aerosols: Factors Governing Their Size and Composition and Implications to Human Health

Lighty

Veranth

Sarofim

2000

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

1,021

600

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Particulate matter (PM) emissions from stationary combustion sources burning coal, fuel oil, biomass, and waste, and PM from internal combustion (IC) engines burning gasoline and diesel, are a significant source of primary particles smaller than 2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ) in urban areas. Combustion-generated particles are generally smaller than geologically produced dust and have unique chemical composition and morphology. The fundamental processes affecting formation of combustion PM and the emission characteristics of important applications are reviewed. Particles containing transition metals, ultrafine particles, and soot are emphasized because these types of particles have been studied extensively, and their emissions are controlled by the fuel composition and the oxidant-temperature-mixing history from the flame to the stack. There is a need for better integration of the combustion, air pollution control, atmospheric chemistry, and inhalation health research communities. Epidemiology has demonstrated that susceptible individuals are being harmed by ambient PM. Particle surface area, number of ultrafine particles, bioavailable transition metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and other particle-bound organic compounds are suspected to be more important than particle mass in determining the effects of air pollution. Time-and size-resolved PM measurements are needed for testing mechanistic toxicological hypotheses, for characterizing the relationship between combustion operating conditions and transient emissions, and for source apportionment studies to develop air quality plans. Citations are provided to more specialized reviews, and the concluding comments make suggestions for further research.

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Section: Incineration Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combustion Aerosols: Factors Governing Their Size and Composition and Implications to Human Health

Lighty

Veranth

Sarofim

2000

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

1,021

600

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“…Additionally, combustion of fossil fuel, particularly oil, contributes significantly to environmental burdens of nickel compounds (1). Epidemiologic studies have clearly implicated nickel compounds as human carcinogens based upon a higher incidence of lung and nasal cancer among nickel mining, smelting, and refinery workers (2).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of hypoxia-inducible signaling pathway in nickel carcinogenesis.

Salnikow

Davidson

Costa

2002

Environ Health Perspect

112

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Using human and rodent cells in vitro, we characterized a hypoxia-inducible signaling pathway as one of the pathways affected by carcinogenic nickel compounds. Acute exposure to nickel activates hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1 (HIF-1), which strongly induces hypoxia-inducible genes, including the recently discovered tumor marker Cap43. This gene has been cloned based on its nickel inducibility and was found to be highly inducible by hypoxia. To identify other HIF-1-dependent/independent nickel-inducible genes, we used cells obtained from HIF-1α null mouse embryos and analyzed gene expression changes using the microarray technique. We found that genes coding for glycolytic enzymes, known to be regulated by HIF-1, were also induced in nickel-exposed cells. In addition, we identified a number of new genes highly induced by nickel in an HIF-dependent manner.

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“…Of these, pyrolysis technology dealing with waste tires has the advantage of not only treating large quantities of waste tires, but also producing valueadded by-products (such as combustible gas, pyrolysis oil, and carbon black) (Cannon et al, 1996). At present, only a small portion of carbon black is used as an additive to plastic, rubber, etc., whereas the larger portion is disposed of as waste (Biswas and Wu, 1998). In this work, carbon black produced from the pyrolysis of waste tires has been used as the raw material in the production of activated carbons with various operating parameters at high temperature and in an anaerobic environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%