Control processes in short-term storage: Retrieval strategies in immediate recall depend upon the number of words to be recalled

Ward, Geoffrey D; Tan, Lydia

doi:10.3758/s13421-018-0891-8

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…The data reproduce the primacy-to-recency shift as recall requirements are lightened (Tan et al, 2016;Ward & Tan, 2019). Both list lengths show a reduction in primacy and increase in recency in the "one" condition relative to the "all" condition.…”

Section: Serial Position Curvessupporting

confidence: 57%

“…In this work, we explored the dynamics of decision-making in free recall initiation when recall requirements were manipulated, such that either the entire list or only a single item was required for retrieval. We explored this paradigm because previous work has demonstrated that more lenient recall requirements result in a shift from primacy-to-recency (Tan et al, 2016;Ward & Tan, 2019). If less items are required for output, it is possible that participants are less likely to reinstate the beginning-of-the-list, as cuing from the beginning of the list will be geared towards recalling a larger number of items.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When participants initiate with the first item, their serial position curves for the entire list strongly resemble those from serial recall, with strong primacy and weak recency (Ward et al, 2010), suggesting they are attempting to recall the entire list in order. Such a strategy is not required when a single item is required for recall, which may explain the weaker primacy under such recall requirements (Tan et al, 2016;Ward & Tan, 2019).…”

Section: Effects Of Recall Requirements On Primacy and Recencymentioning

confidence: 99%

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How do recall requirements affect decision-making in free recall initiation? A linear ballistic accumulator approach

2021

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Models of free recall describe free recall initiation as a decision-making process in which items compete to be retrieved. Recently, Osth and Farrell ( Psychological Review , 126 , 578–609, 2019 ) applied evidence accumulation models to complete RT distributions and serial positions of participants’ first recalls in free recall, which resulted in some novel conclusions about primacy and recency effects. Specifically, the results of the modeling favored an account in which primacy was due to reinstatement of the start-of-the-list, and recency was found to be exponential in shape. In this work, we examine what happens when participants are given alternative recall instructions. Prior work has demonstrated weaker primacy and greater recency when fewer items are required to report (Ward & Tan, Memory & Cognition , 2019 ), and a key question is whether this change in instructions qualitatively changes the nature of the recall process, or merely changes the parameters of the recall competition. We conducted an experiment where participants studied six- or 12-item lists and were post-cued as to whether to retrieve a single item, or as many items as possible. Subsequently, we applied LBA models with various assumptions about primacy and recency, implemented using hierarchical Bayesian techniques. While greater recency was observed when only one item was required for output, the model selection did not suggest that there were qualitative differences between the two conditions. Specifically, start-of-list reinstatement and exponential recency functions were favored in both conditions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at (10.3758/s13421-020-01117-2).

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Section: Serial Position Curvessupporting

confidence: 57%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Recall Requirements On Primacy and Recencymentioning

confidence: 99%

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How do recall requirements affect decision-making in free recall initiation? A linear ballistic accumulator approach

2021

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“…The winning model is depicted in bold and the WAIC weight is depicted in parentheses. The data reproduce the primacy-to-recency shift as recall requirements are lightened (Tan et al, 2016;Ward & Tan, 2019). Both list lengths show a reduction in primacy and increase in recency in the "one" condition relative to the "all" condition.…”

Section: Primacy Mechanismssupporting

confidence: 57%

How do recall requirements affect decision-making in free recall initiation? A linear ballistic accumulator approach

Osth¹,

Reed²,

Farrell³

2020

Preprint

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Models of free recall describe free recall initiation as a decision-making process in which items compete to be retrieved. Recently, Osth and Farrell (2019) applied evidence accumulation models to complete RT distributions and serial positions of participants’ first recalls in free recall which resulted in some novel conclusions about primacy and recency effects. Specifically, the results of the modeling favored an account in which primacy was due to reinstatement of the start-of-the-list and recency was found to be exponential in shape. In this work, we examine what happens when participants are given alternative recall instructions. Prior work has demonstrated weaker primacy and greater recency when fewer items are required to report (Ward & Tan, 2019), and a key question is whether this change in instructions affects which items are in competition for recall, or the parameters of the recall competition. We conducted an experiment where participants studied 12 item lists and were post-cued as to whether to retrieve a single item, or as many items as possible. Subsequently, we applied LBA models with various assumptions about primacy and recency, implemented using hierarchical Bayesian techniques. While greater recency was observed when only one item was required for output, the model selection did not suggest there were qualitative differences between the two conditions. Specifically, start-of-list reinstatement and exponential recency functions were favored in both conditions.

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“…There is evidence that the primacy effect arises from recall being initiated from primacy positions and is modulated by subject-controlled factors. For example, subjects more often initiate recall from the first item when they attempt to recall all the items (Tan, Ward, Paulauskaite, & Markou, 2016;Ward & Tan, 2019). This suggests that subjects could use PEPPR to strategically initiate recall to satisfy task demands.…”

Section: Standard Free Recallmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Post-Encoding Pre-Production Reinstatement (PEPPR) Model of Dual-List Free Recall

Healey¹,

Cn²

2021

Preprint

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Recent events are easy to recall, but they also interfere with recall of more distant, non-recent events. Many computational models recall non-recent memories by using the context associated with those events as a cue. But some models do little to explain how people initially activate non-recent contexts in the service of accurate recall. We addressed this limitation by evaluating two candidate mechanisms within the Context-Maintenance and Retrieval model. The first is a Backward-Walk mechanism that iteratively applies a generate/recognize process to covertly retrieve progressively less recent items. The second is a Post-Encoding Pre-Production Reinstatement (PEPPR) mechanism that formally implements a metacognitive control process that reinstates non-recent contexts prior to retrieval. Models including these mechanisms make divergent predictions about the dynamics of response production and monitoring when recalling non-recent items. Before producing non-recent items, Backward-Walk cues covert retrievals of several recent items, whereas PEPPR cues few, if any, covert retrievals of that sort. We tested these predictions using archival data from a dual-list externalized free recall paradigm that required subjects to report all items that came to mind while recalling from the non-recent list. Simulations showed that only the model including PEPPR accurately predicted covert recall patterns. That same model fit the behavioral data well. These findings suggest that self-initiated context reinstatement plays an important role in recall of non-recent memories and provides a formal model that uses a parsimonious non-hierarchical context representation of how such reinstatement might occur.

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Control processes in short-term storage: Retrieval strategies in immediate recall depend upon the number of words to be recalled

Cited by 15 publications

References 71 publications

How do recall requirements affect decision-making in free recall initiation? A linear ballistic accumulator approach

How do recall requirements affect decision-making in free recall initiation? A linear ballistic accumulator approach

How do recall requirements affect decision-making in free recall initiation? A linear ballistic accumulator approach

A Post-Encoding Pre-Production Reinstatement (PEPPR) Model of Dual-List Free Recall

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