Control Strategy for<i>Echinococcus multilocularis</i>

Hegglin, Daniel; Deplazes, Peter

doi:10.3201/eid1410.080522

Cited by 52 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Inoue et al highlighted the importance of frequent baiting (monthly) at least during periods (summer, autumn) where transmission is considered high (Inoue et al, 2007). König et al (2008) and Hegglin et al (2008) also highlighted the need for frequent baiting (monthly). Romig and colleagues (2007) showed that baiting with six week intervals reduced the prevalence, when increasing the baiting interval to 3 months (after 21 months) the prevalence stabilised and increasing it to 6 months resulted in an increase in prevalence.…”

Section: Tor2b)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…König et al (2008) showed that the prevalence in foxes could be reduced to close to zero in less than one year by intensive baiting (every four weeks initially and then every sixth week) and combining arial distribution with distribution by hand at strategic places identified in previous studies. However, Hegglin et al (2008) highlighted that, if local disappearance of the parasite is to be obtained, intensive baiting should be continued even after the prevalence has decreased drastically.…”

Section: Tor2b)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Echinococcus multilocularis infection in animals

Butterworth¹

2015

EFS2

134

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General rightsThis document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/pure/about/ebr-terms carnivore species can maintain the lifecycle in the absence of red fox, and this makes it to most relevant target species for surveillance. Movement of infected definitive hosts is an important introduction pathway. The knowledge on the geographical distribution of the environmental factors for the persistence of the lifecycle is scarce. In areas where no suitable autochthonous wild canid hosts and no highly suitable intermediate hosts are present, e.g. Malta, establishment of the EM cycle is considered close to impossible. Such countries do not need to carry out surveillance on domestic dogs to substantiate absence of EM in the relevant animal population. Reconsideration of some aspects of the current legislation regarding surveillance activities might be relevant; for example the identification of epidemiologically relevant units should be independent from political borders. Studies to improve the knowledge on epidemiological risk factors should be encouraged to enable risk-based sampling. Echinococcus notification should always be done at species level in order to discriminate between the more severe alveolar echinococcosis and the cystic echinococcosis. Praziquantel is the substance of choice for the treatment of dogs. However, the treatment window should be reconsidered to reduce the risk of re-infection: a general rule is to treat as close as possible to entry into a non-infected country. There is a lack of standardization of the diagnostic methods between laboratories. The diagnostic sensitivity of the tests should be established in accordance to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) standards for validation. For the time being, the diagnostic sensitivity can be set conservatively to 78%. SCIENTIFIC OPINION © European Food Safety Authority, 2015Keywords: Echinococcus multilocularis, echinococcosis, hosts, risk factors, diagnosis, surveillance, Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.The EFSA Journal is a publication of the European Food Safety Authority, an agency of the European Union. E. multilocularis infections in animalswww.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal 3 EFSA Journal 2015;13(15):4373 SummaryHuman alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by the larval stage of the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. It is amongst one of the most dangerous zoonoses. Naturally the parasite transmits between foxes or dogs and small mammals whilst humans are aberrant intermediate hosts.In rodents, the larval mass proliferates rapidly by exogenous budding of germinative tissue and produces an alveolar-like pattern of microvesicles filled with protoscolices. In humans, the larval mass resembles a malignancy in appearance and behavior, because it proliferates indefinitely by exogenous budding and invades the surrounding tissues (Moro et al., 2008). Transmission of A...

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Section: Tor2b)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tor2b)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Echinococcus multilocularis infection in animals

Butterworth¹

2015

EFS2

134

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This has stimulated pilot control programmes to treat foxes and it has been shown that distributing fox baits containing praziquantel on a regular basis can substantially reduce the prevalence of E. multilocularis in foxes (Hegglin and Deplazes, 2008). The question remains as to the cost effectiveness of this intervention as it is still uncertain to what extent the human incidence is likely to decrease from such a programme.…”

Section: Alveolar Echinococcosismentioning

confidence: 99%

One world health: Socioeconomic burden and parasitic disease control priorities

Torgerson¹

2013

Veterinary Parasitology

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Parasitic diseases present a considerable socio-economic impact to society. Zoonotic parasites can result in a considerable burden of disease in humans and substantive economic losses to livestock populations. Ameliorating the effects of these diseases may consist of attempts at eradicating specific diseases at a global level, eliminating them at a national or local level or controlling the disease to minimise incidence. Alternatively with some parasitic zoonoses it may only be possible to treat human and animal cases as they arise. The choice of approach will be determined by the potential effectiveness of a disease control programme, its cost and the cost effectiveness or cost benefit of undertaking the intervention. Furthermore human disease burden is being increasingly measured by egalitarian nonfinancial measures which do not sit comfortably with measurements of economic costs in livestock.This adds additional challenges to assessing socio-economic burdens of zoonotic diseases. Using examples from the group of neglected zoonotic diseases, information regarding the socio-economic effects of these diseases are reviewed and the use of this information in decision making with regard to control and treatment of these diseases is discussed.

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“…However, therapeutic use of anthelmintics often requires multiple doses to clear infection (Overgaauw 1997), and it is recommended that raccoons taken into captivity receive multiple treatments to ensure complete elimination of B. procyonis (Kazacos 2001). Management applications of anthelmintic baits for B. procyonis mitigation will require repeated bait distribution because of the potential for raccoons to be reinfected from environmental reservoirs (Hegglin and Deplazes 2008;Page et al 2011;Smyser et al 2013). Therefore, should initial bait contact result in reduction, but not elimination, of B. procyonis infections, raccoons likely would receive additional treatments with subsequent bait distribution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EVALUATION OF ANTHELMINTIC FISHMEAL POLYMER BAITS FOR THE CONTROL OF BAYLISASCARIS PROCYONIS IN FREE-RANGING RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR)

Smyser

Johnson

Stallard

et al. 2015

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Baylisascaris procyonis is a common gastrointestinal parasite of raccoons (Procyon lotor) and is a zoonotic helminth with the potential to cause severe or fatal infection. Raccoons thrive in human-dominated landscapes, and the fecal-oral transmission pathway and lack of effective treatment make B. procyonis a serious threat to public health. The distribution of medicinal baits has emerged as a socially acceptable and cost-effective method for managing disease in free-ranging wildlife. We assessed the suitability of a mass-producible anthelmintic bait for B. procyonis mitigation by evaluating the willingness of free-ranging raccoons to consume anthelmintic baits and determining whether bait consumption successfully cleared B. procyonis infections from raccoons. Anthelmintic baits were modified from standard fishmeal polymer baits, the food attractant commonly used in oral rabies vaccine baits, with the introduction of 220 mg of pyrantel pamoate into the fishmeal mixture. We captured 16 naturally infected raccoons, presented one anthelmintic bait, and monitored B. procyonis infection over 90 d by screening feces for eggs. Treatment cleared B. procyonis infections for nine of 12 raccoons that consumed .10 g of the 15 g bait. We used remote cameras to monitor in situ patterns of bait consumption for anthelmintic baits relative to standard baits. Both anthelmintic and standard baits were rapidly consumed, with no differences in the rate of consumption between bait types. However, after bait contact, raccoons demonstrated a greater willingness to consume standard baits while ignoring anthelmintic baits more frequently (P50.06). Initial trials of anthelmintic baits show promise, although refinement in both dose and palatability is needed. At mass production scales, the addition of pyrantel pamoate to fishmeal polymer baits would be inexpensive, potentially making anthelmintic baits a viable management option when coupled with an oral rabies vaccine or used independently for B. procyonis mitigation.

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Control Strategy forEchinococcus multilocularis

Cited by 52 publications

References 14 publications

Echinococcus multilocularis infection in animals

Echinococcus multilocularis infection in animals

One world health: Socioeconomic burden and parasitic disease control priorities

EVALUATION OF ANTHELMINTIC FISHMEAL POLYMER BAITS FOR THE CONTROL OF BAYLISASCARIS PROCYONIS IN FREE-RANGING RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR)

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