“…With an appropriate initial guess to start the solving procedure, the indirect method can rapidly converge to an accurate solution. This property makes this approach attractive in various fields such as torque control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) (Wang et al, 2019), motion control of spacecraft (Feng et al, 2019; Ge et al, 2018), speed optimization (Abbas et al, 2019) and energy management of electrical vehicles (Kim et al, 2019; Nguyen et al, 2019; Sohn et al, 2019), hybrid bus (Xie et al, 2019). It has also been used in hydrocarbon emission control of automotive engine (Azad, 2015), optimal boundary control of the manufacturing systems (Sun and Wu, 2019), and non-linear parabolic system consisting of a heat equation (Sun and Wu, 2017).…”