Controlled cross‐linking of porcine cholecyst extracellular matrix for preparing tissue engineering scaffold

Abstract

Treatment with cross‐linking agents for stabilizing biomolecules is an integral step during the preparation of many extracellular matrix‐based tissue engineering scaffolds from mammalian organs. However, excess cross‐linking may cause nonavailability of biomolecules and consequent deterioration of bioinductive properties of the scaffold. The present study considered controlling the extent of cross‐linking in a porcine cholecyst extracellular matrix scaffold prepared by a nonenzymatic and nondetergent method, by ex situ incubation of the source organ in varying concentrations of neutral buffered formaldehyde (10, 4, 1 or 0%; v/v) for in situ cross‐linking of biomolecules. Reduction of the formaldehyde concentration resulted in an increase in the extent of biodegradation and a decrease in the compactness of the mesh‐like surface microarchitecture of the scaffold. Retention of collagen was maximum when treated with 10% neutral buffered formaldehyde without any variation in the content of elastin and sulphated glycosaminoglycans. Although there was a reduction in the quantity of growth factors following the cross‐linking, fibroblasts remained viable on the scaffolds. The retention of major biomolecule was maximum and autodigestion was minimum in the scaffold prepared by the ex situ treatment of cholecyst in 10% neutral buffered formalin and found suitable for preparing the tissue engineering scaffold.

Gelatin-Modified Cholecyst-Derived Scaffold Promotes Angiogenesis and Faster Healing of Diabetic Wounds

“…In practice, scaffold preparation procedures may significantly influence the retention of biomolecules, especially those prepared from mammalian organs and tissues. , The CDS used in this study was prepared from porcine cholecystic ECM, which inherently had several proangiogenic factors . But the controlled cross-linking step in the nondetergent/nonenzymatic method of preparation might have influenced the retention of biomolecules. Therefore, the minimal angiogenic potential of CDS observed during the above in vitro tests indicated reduction in angiogenic factors …”

“…But the controlled cross-linking step in the nondetergent/nonenzymatic method of preparation might have influenced the retention of biomolecules. Therefore, the minimal angiogenic potential of CDS observed during the above in vitro tests indicated reduction in angiogenic factors …”

Surface Modification of Polypropylene Mesh with a Porcine Cholecystic Extracellular Matrix Hydrogel for Mitigating Host Tissue Reaction

“…The base material, lyophilized sheets of the CECM (about 150 μm thick), was prepared by a non-detergent/enzymatic method as previously described by mechanical delamination after ex situ incubation of the source organ with 10% neutral buffered formaldehyde (48 ± 24 h) for controlled cross-linking of biomolecules …”

“…We have reported a biocompatible , porcine cholecystic ECM (CECM) for tissue engineering applications. , The biomolecular composition of the CECM has been reported earlier . It contains collagen, glycosaminoglycans, elastin, and many growth factors crucial for stimulating tissue remodeling responses .…”

“…It contains collagen, glycosaminoglycans, elastin, and many growth factors crucial for stimulating tissue remodeling responses . As a biomaterial for graft-assisted healing, lyophilized sheet forms of the CECM promoted faster healing of skin excision, burn, and lacerated wounds in animal models . Experiments have shown that as a skeletal muscle graft, in a rat hernia repair model, the lyophilized sheet form of the CECM promoted M2 macrophage-predominated anti-inflammatory reaction .…”