Compartmentalization is an essential feature found in living cells to ensure multiple biological processes occur without being affected by undesired external influences. Here, compartmentalized systems are developed based on the self-assembly of metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles into multifunctional MOF capsules (MOF-Cs). Such MOF-Cs have the capability of controlling molecular transportation and protecting interior microenvironment, thus making tandem reaction along trajectories to desired products. First of all, MOF-Cs present controlled molecular transportation derived from molecular sieving property of MOFs. Second, MOF-Cs can protect the encapsulated cargoes from denaturation and maintain their catalytic activity. Third, MOF-Cs can provide spatial segregation for incompatible species and facilitate communication between these compartments to perform tandem reactions. These compartmentalized structures offer new views in the transportation, microreactor, and biotechnology. selective catalysis was achieved by employing a time-consuming approach, which was the assembly of UiO-66 NPs around emulsion droplets with the further deposition of ZIF-8. [21] Therefore, developing a facile strategy to construct MOF capsules in order to simultaneously realize efficient encapsulation, controlled transport, compartmentalization effect, and communication capabilities remains a considerable challenge.Here, we develop a facile strategy to structure MOF capsules (MOF-Cs) by the self-assembly process of MOF NPs in the oilwater surface and using polymer precipitation as a support layer for enhancing stability. The obtained MOF-Cs own the MOFs layer for controlling molecular transportation, the hollow structure for supplying confined reaction space, and the ability of encapsulating diverse species for offering catalytic active sites. First and foremost, MOF-Cs exhibit controlled transport originated from size-sieving ability of MOFs. Second, MOF-Cs can keep the encapsulated cargoes from denaturation and preserve their catalytic activity. Third, MOF-Cs can provide spatial segregation for incompatible species. Furthermore, MOF-Cs separately encapsulated with incompatible species are capable of communicating with each other to perform multistep reactions.