Nanofibrous scaffolds belong to the most suitable materials for tissue engineering, because they mimic the fibrous component of the natural extracellular matrix. This chapter is focused on the application of nanofibers in skin tissue engineering and wound healing, because the skin is the largest and vitally important organ in the human body. Nanofibrous meshes can serve as substrates for adhesion, growth and differentiation of skin and stem cells, and also as an antimicrobial and moistureretaining barrier. These meshes have been prepared from a wide range of synthetic and nature-derived polymers. This chapter is focused on the use of nature-derived polymers. These polymers have good or limited degradability in the human tissues, which depends on their origin and on the presence of appropriate enzymes in the human tissues. Non-degradable and less-degradable polymers are usually produced in bacteria, fungi, algae, plants or insects, and include, for example, cellulose, dextran, pullulan, alginate, pectin and silk fibroin. Well-degradable polymers are usually components of the extracellular matrix in the human body or at least in other verte brates, and include collagen, elastin, keratin and hyaluronic acid, although some polymers produced by non-vertebrate organisms, such as chitosan or poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), are also degradable in the human body.Current and Future Aspects of Nanomedicine 2 microbial infection, and at the same time, they can keep appropriate moisture and gas exchange at the wound site.Nanofibrous scaffolds for skin tissue engineering have been fabricated from a wide range of synthetic and nature-derived polymers, which can be either biostable or degradable within the human body. Biostable synthetic polymers used in nanofiber-based skin regenerative therapies include, for example, polyurethane [2], polydimethylsiloxane [3], polyethylene terephthalate [4], polyethersulfone [5], and also hydrogels such as poly(acrylic acid) (PAA, [6]), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA, [7]), and poly[di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate] (PDEGMA, [8]). Degradable synthetic polymers typically include poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL, [9]) and its copolymers with polylactides (PLCL, [10]), polylactides (PLA, [11]) and their copolymers with polyglycolides (PLGA, [12]), and also so-called auxiliary polymers, such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO, [13]) or poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA, [14]), which facilitated the electrospinning process and improved the mechanical properties and wettability of the chief polymer. However, the synthetic polymers, although they are well-chemically defined and tailorable, are often bioinert, hydrophobic and thus not promoting cell adhesion, and also not well-adhering to the wound site. Therefore, they need to be combined with other bioactive substances, particularly nature-derived polymers.This chapter is focused on nature-derived polymers used for fabrication of nanofibrous scaffolds for skin tissue engineering and wound healing. The advantages of...