We report a one-pot chemical approach for the synthesis of highly monodisperse colloidal nanophosphors displaying bright upconversion luminescence under 980 nm excitation. This general method optimizes the synthesis with initial heating rates up to 100°C∕ minute generating a rich family of nanoscale building blocks with distinct morphologies (spheres, rods, hexagonal prisms, and plates) and upconversion emission tunable through the choice of rare earth dopants. Furthermore, we employ an interfacial assembly strategy to organize these nanocrystals (NCs) into superlattices over multiple length scales facilitating the NC characterization and enabling systematic studies of shape-directed assembly. The global and local ordering of these superstructures is programmed by the precise engineering of individual NC's size and shape. This dramatically improved nanophosphor synthesis together with insights from shape-directed assembly will advance the investigation of an array of emerging biological and energy-related nanophosphor applications.doped nanocrystals | superlattice | lanthanides | luminescence R ecent advances in synthesis and controlled assembly of monodisperse colloidal nanocrystals (NCs) into superlattice structures have enabled their applications in optics (1), electronics (2), magnetic storage (3), etc. Single-and multicomponent superlattices composed of spherical NCs are increasingly studied and a rich family of structures is now accessible (4, 5), where the electronic and magnetic interactions between the constituents gives rise to new cooperative properties (6, 7). New synthetic approaches are yielding nonspherical NCs with physical properties unobtainable by simply tuning the size of the spheres (8-11), providing an even broader array of nanoscale building blocks. The size and shape dependence of NC's biological activity (12, 13) and toxicity (14) is also of intense interest. However, the challenge of precisely controlling particle shape while maintaining uniformity in size and surface functionality has limited studies of NC environmental health and safety just as it has hindered efforts to organize anisotropic building blocks and to establish methods to capture their unique properties in NC superlattice thin films.Lanthanide-doped nanophosphors are an emerging class of optical materials (15). These NCs often possess "peculiar" optical properties [e.g., quantum cutting (16) and photon upconversion (17)], allowing the management of photons that could benefit a variety of areas including biomedical imaging (18, 19) and therapy (20), photovoltaics (16, 21), solid state lighting (22), and display technologies (23). Colloidal upconversion nanophosphors (UCNPs) are capable of converting long-wavelength near-infrared excitation into short-wavelength visible emission through the long-lived, metastable excited states of the lanthanide dopants (24). In contrast to the Stokes-shifted emissions from semiconductor NCs or organic fluorophores and the multiphoton process employing fluorescent dyes, UCNPs offer several ...