Incorporation of
fluorinated moieties in polymeric nanoparticles
has been shown in many instances to increase their uptake by living
cells and, hence, has proven to be a useful approach to enhancing
delivery to cells. However, it remains unclear how incorporation of
fluorine affects critical transport processes, such as interactions
with membranes, intracellular transport, and tumor penetration. In
this study, we investigate the influence of fluorine on transport
properties using a series of rationally designed poly(oligo(ethylene
glycol) methyl ether acrylate)-block-perfluoropolyether
(poly(OEGA)
m
-PFPE) copolymers. Copolymers
with different fluorine contents were prepared and exhibit aggregate
in solution in a manner dependent on the fluorine content. Doxorubicin-conjugated
poly(OEGA)20-PFPE nanoparticles with lower fluorine content
exist in solution as unimers, leading to greater exposure of hydrophobic
PFPE segments to the cell surface. This, in turn, results in greater
cellular uptake, deeper tumor penetration, as well as enhanced therapeutic
efficacy compared to that with the micelle-state nanoaggregates (poly(OEGA)10-PFPE and poly(OEGA)5-PFPE) with higher fluorine
content but with less PFPE exposed to the cell membranes. Our results
demonstrate that the aggregation behavior of these fluorinated polymers
plays a critical role in internalization and transport in living cells
and 3D spheroids, providing important design criteria for the preparation
of highly effective delivery agents.