Controlling Nipah virus encephalitis in Bangladesh: Policy options

Dhillon, Jasmine; Banerjee, Arinjay

doi:10.1057/jphp.2015.13

Cited by 19 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Down the line, many outbreaks of NiV occurred annually at various parts of Bangladesh like Naogoan, Rajbari, Faridpur, Tangail, Thakurgaon, Kushtia, Pabna, Natore, Manikganj, Gaibandha, Rangpur, Nilphamari, Madaripur, Gopalganj, Lalmohirhat, Dinajpur, Comilla, Joypurhat, Rajshahi, Jhenaidah, Mymensingh, Ponchoghor and Magura from April 2001 to February 2015, out of which a few districts were affected with recurrent outbreaks [40]. Though transmission was predominantly through the consumption of NiV-contaminated raw date palm sap, poor surveillance and medical facilities augmented the mortality rates [9,41]. Approximately 261 confirmed cases with 199 deaths were reported with a mortality rate of 76.2% up until 2015 [42].…”

Section: Bangladeshmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nipah Virus: Past Outbreaks and Future Containment

Pillai

Krishna

Veettil

2020

Viruses

137

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Viral outbreaks of varying frequencies and severities have caused panic and havoc across the globe throughout history. Influenza, small pox, measles, and yellow fever reverberated for centuries, causing huge burden for economies. The twenty-first century witnessed the most pathogenic and contagious virus outbreaks of zoonotic origin including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Ebola virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Nipah virus. Nipah is considered one of the world's deadliest viruses with the heaviest mortality rates in some instances. It is known to cause encephalitis, with cases of acute respiratory distress turning fatal. Various factors contribute to the onset and spread of the virus. All through the infected zone, various strategies to tackle and enhance the surveillance and awareness with greater emphasis on personal hygiene has been formulated. This review discusses the recent outbreaks of Nipah virus in Malaysia, Bangladesh and India, the routes of transmission, prevention and control measures employed along with possible reasons behind the outbreaks, and the precautionary measures to be ensured by private-public undertakings to contain and ensure a lower incidence in the future.

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Section: Bangladeshmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nipah Virus: Past Outbreaks and Future Containment

Pillai

Krishna

Veettil

2020

Viruses

137

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“…The government recommended key prevention methods in Bangladesh were to either refrain from consuming raw date palm sap during the months of outbreak unless the date palm saps were covered with bamboo-skirts, or to boil the drink for 10 minutes before consumption [7].…”

Section: Severalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interventions for prevention of Nipah virus transmission and infection in Bangladesh

Ashraf¹

2020

Arch Community Med Public Health

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Nipah virus (NiV) infections have been prevalent in Bangladesh since 2001. This virus is usually transmitted from infected bats to humans, and from humans to humans in Bangladesh. The most common source of transmission of Nipah virus in Bangladesh is through the consumption of a drink made from raw date palm sap that has been contaminated by infected bats' saliva or urine. This paper describes several interventions to prevent the transmission of Nipah virus, namely, behavior change interventions, surveillance of cases, and quarantine of infected individuals. This paper also briefl y touches upon the recent advancements in the development of vaccines against Nipah virus. Behavior change interventions, namely educating individuals at risk, either in person or through mass media, is an effective way of spreading awareness about and preventing the transmission of NiV. Surveillance systems can help early case detection; however, this might yield misleading numbers if there is underreporting of cases. Quarantine of infected persons is likely to be expensive and would require the presence of extensively trained personnel. Vaccines against NiV are currently being developed and the results from animal tests have been promising. In Bangladesh, given the lack of resources, behavior change intervention would be the most cost-effective way of preventing the spread of NiV, compared to routine surveillance and/or quarantine of cases. Therefore, in order to prevent NiV infections, focus should be geared towards behavior change communication through education about the transmission of NiV, provided to those living in high-risk areas of Bangladesh.

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“…Education campaigns may be helpful to increase awareness of the risk for NiV infection in the community and promote appropriate care-seeking behaviour, as well as to maintain vigilance for case identification by healthcare personnel 108–110. Early detection of NiV outbreaks should trigger a coordinated mobilisation of resources for infection control, as well as patient isolation, care and contact tracing.…”

Section: Challenges For Niv Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostics for Nipah virus: a zoonotic pathogen endemic to Southeast Asia

Mazzola

Kelly-Cirino

2019

BMJ Glob Health

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Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging pathogen that, unlike other priority pathogens identified by WHO, is endemic to Southeast Asia. It is most commonly transmitted through exposure to saliva or excrement from the Pteropus fruit bat, or direct contact with intermediate animal hosts, such as pigs. NiV infection causes severe febrile encephalitic disease and/or respiratory disease; treatment options are limited to supportive care. A number of in-house diagnostic assays for NiV using serological and nucleic acid amplification techniques have been developed for NiV and are used in laboratory settings, including some early multiplex panels for differentiation of NiV infection from other febrile diseases. However, given the often rural and remote nature of NiV outbreak settings, there remains a need for rapid diagnostic tests that can be implemented at the point of care. Additionally, more reliable assays for surveillance of communities and livestock will be vital to achieving a better understanding of the ecology of the fruit bat host and transmission risk to other intermediate hosts, enabling implementation of a ‘One Health’ approach to outbreak prevention and the management of this zoonotic disease. An improved understanding of NiV viral diversity and infection kinetics or dynamics will be central to the development of new diagnostics, and access to clinical specimens must be improved to enable effective validation and external quality assessments. Target product profiles for NiV diagnostics should be refined to take into account these outstanding needs.

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Controlling Nipah virus encephalitis in Bangladesh: Policy options

Cited by 19 publications

References 23 publications

Nipah Virus: Past Outbreaks and Future Containment

Nipah Virus: Past Outbreaks and Future Containment

Interventions for prevention of Nipah virus transmission and infection in Bangladesh

Diagnostics for Nipah virus: a zoonotic pathogen endemic to Southeast Asia

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