Controlling the actuation properties of MXene paper electrodes upon cation intercalation

Abstract

Atomic force microscopy was used to monitor the macroscopic deformation in a delaminated Ti 3 C 2 paper electrode in situ, during charge/discharge in a variety of aqueous electrolytes to examine the effect of the cation intercalation on the electrochemical behavior and mechanical response. The results show a strong dependence of the electrode deformation on cation size and charge. The electrode undergoes a large contraction during Li + , Na + or Mg 2 + intercalation, differentiating the Ti 3 C 2 paper from conventional electrodes where redox intercalation of ions (e.g. Li + ) into the bulk phase (e.g. graphite, silicon) results in volumetric expansion. This feature may explain the excellent rate performance and cyclability reported for MXenes. We 1 3 5 7 (J. Come), blackjm@ornl.gov (J.M. Black), mrl69@drexel.edu (M.R. Lukatskaya), naguibma@ornl.gov (M. Naguib), mbeidaghi@coe.drexel.edu (M. Beidaghi), rondinoneaj@ornl.gov (A.J. Rondinone), sergei2@ornl.gov (S.V. Kalinin), wesolowskid@ornl.gov (D.J. Wesolowski), gogotsi@drexel.edu (Y. Gogotsi), balken@ornl.gov (N. Balke).Nano Energy (]]]]) ], ]]]-]]] Please cite this article as: J. Come, et al., Controlling the actuation properties of MXene paper electrodes upon cation intercalation, Nano Energy (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.07.028also demonstrated that the variation of the electromechanical contraction can be easily adjusted by electrolyte exchange, and shows interesting characteristics for the design of actuators based on 2D metal carbides.

Electrochemical Activation of 2D MXene‐Based Hybrid for High Volumetric Mg‐Ion Storage Capacitance

“…Although the hybrid 2D material was electrochemically activated to open the deep adsorption sites (as illustrated in inset of Figure e), its laminar structure still limits fast intercalation/de‐intercalation of ions at high scan rate, possibly due to mass and charge of Mg 2+ ions and insufficient volume expansion of the layered structure. This volumetric capacitance of MXene based hybrid material for Mg ion storage is comparable to the values reported in previous studies (see Table S1) …”

Recent Advances in Layered Ti3C2Tx MXene for Electrochemical Energy Storage

“…It is known that the Ti 3 C 2 T x materials may have a random distribution of functional groups on their surfaces, and different etching and delamination conditions produce different surface terminations, for instance, lower HF concentrations generally result in more oxygen‐based terminations and less fluorine terminations, and Ti 3 C 2 T x produced via HCl‐LiF etching will lead to the presence of water bonded with O or OH terminations . The intercalation of cations (such as Li + ) may lead to easy sliding of the Ti 3 C 2 T x sheets relative to each other, altering their rheological properties . Both water and cation intercalations contribute to the exfoliation and dispersion of Ti 3 C 2 T x in liquid solvent.…”

“…In addition, multivalent ions, such as Mg, Al, and Ca, may offer higher energy density than monovalent Li, Na, and K due to multielectron redox chemistry . However, finding an optimum electrolyte and suitable host materials for each system is the main challenge in realizing practical applications of the nonconventional metal ion batteries described above .…”

Synthesis and Characterization of 2D Molybdenum Carbide (MXene)

“…[ 8,9,14,15 ] They can also provide stability and durability for proton exchange membranes for fuel cells. [ 16 ] Other potential applications include water purifi cation, [ 17,18 ] electrochemical actuators, [ 19 ] photocatalysis, [ 20 ] transparent conductive electrodes and sensors. [ 7,21 ] Typically the resistivity of Ti 3 C 2 T x fi lms decreases with decreasing temperature from 300 down to 100 K, below which the resistance increases slightly.…”