Controlling the frequency-temperature sensitivity of a cryogenic sapphire maser frequency standard by manipulating Fe<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msup><mml:mrow /><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math>spins in the sapphire lattice

Benmessai, K.; Creedon, Daniel L.; Floch, Jean-Michel Le; Tobar, Michael E.; Mrad, Mohamad; Bourgeois, P.Y.; Kersalé, Y.; Giordano, V.

doi:10.1103/physrevb.85.075122

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…These noninteracting ions exhibit an electron spin resonance (ESR), typically forming multiple-level systems at zero applied dc magnetic field due to the strong electric field of the host crystal which acts to split the electron spin energy levels. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] In the traditional approach, some of these energy levels are used to implement a three-level scheme, where the required population inversion is achieved by externally pumping electrons from the ground state (e.g., |1/2 ) to an upper energy state (e.g., |5/2 ) from where they eventually (nonradiatively) relax into the intermediate state |3/2 . At a certain threshold pump power, the intermediate and ground states constitute a two-level system with the inverted population suitable for amplification by stimulated emission.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At a certain threshold pump power, the intermediate and ground states constitute a two-level system with the inverted population suitable for amplification by stimulated emission. The efficiency of this approach has been recently improved by utilizing high Q-factor whispering gallery (WG) modes in cylindrical crystals, 4 where high ion-photon interaction probabilities are achieved via resonant confinement of photons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spin bath maser in a cryogenically cooled sapphire whispering gallery mode resonator

et al. 2013

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We report the observation of a mechanism of maser generation in an ensemble of intercoupled, inhomogeneously broadened two-level systems, enhanced by high quality factor electromagnetic cavity modes. In this form of population inversion, an inseparable quantum system leads to cavity-enhanced stimulated emission arising from interactions within an ensemble of two-level systems, as opposed to a traditional ensemble of noninteracting identical three-level systems. The effect is observed in a cryogenically cooled whispering gallery mode sapphire resonator containing dilute Fe 3+ impurity ions. These ions exhibit strong spin-lattice interaction, leading to both electron spin resonance broadening and phonon mediated spin-spin coupling. The maser effect is due to a |1/2 → |3/2 energy transition in an electron spin angular momentum observed at zero external magnetic field. Both continuous and oscillating regimes are observed with corresponding thresholds both in detuning frequency and incident power.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spin bath maser in a cryogenically cooled sapphire whispering gallery mode resonator

et al. 2013

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“…The method has been employed for very precise measurements of the permittivity and the dielectric losses of both isotropic and uniaxial anisotropic materials as well as the determination of the susceptibility added by paramagnetic impurity ions. For example, the chromium Cr 3+ ion present in Sapphire (Ruby) introduces a well-described electron spin resonance (ESR) that has been exploited as a ruby maser [23][24][25][26][27] . Depending on the application, the requirement on material properties and size of the dielectric, the make-up of the resonator can vary substantially.…”

Section: Electromagnetic Resonances In Microwave Cavitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-intrusive tunable resonant microwave cavity for optical detected magnetic resonance of NV centres in nanodiamonds

et al. 2013

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Optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) in nanodiamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres is usually achieved by applying a microwave field delivered by micron-size wires, strips or antennas directly positioned in very close proximity (~ µm) of the nanodiamond crystals. The microwave field couples evanescently with the ground state spin transition of the NV centre (2.87 GHz at zero magnetic field), which results in a reduction of the centre photoluminescence. We propose an alternative approach based on the construction of a dielectric resonator. We show that such a resonator allows for the efficient detection of NV spins in nanodiamonds without the constraints associated to the laborious positioning of the microwave antenna next to the nanodiamonds, providing therefore improved flexibility. The resonator is based on a tunable Transverse Electric Mode in a dielectric-loaded cavity, and we demonstrate that the resonator can detect single NV centre spins in nanodiamonds using less microwave power than alternative techniques in a non-intrusive manner. This method can achieve higher precision measurement of ODMR of paramagnetic defects spin transition in the micro to millimetre-wave frequency domain. Our approach would permit the tracking of NV centres in biological solutions rather than simply on the surface, which is desirable in light of the recently proposed applications of using nanodiamonds containing NV centres for spin labelling in biological systems with single spin and single particle resolution.

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“…Introduction: Devices based on microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (MASER) technology have been extensively investigated since the 1950s [1]. MASERs can exhibit extremely low fractional frequency instability, and as such they are of great importance in applications such as timekeeping, tests of fundamental physics [2], radio astronomy and space tracking and communication. Consequently, much of the attention relating to their development is focused towards improving their frequency stability and their phase spectral purity.…”

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confidence: 99%

Frequency stability and phase noise performance of X‐band to Ka‐band active multiplier

et al. 2015

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The performance of an active frequency doubler used to generate a pump signal for a solid-state microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (MASER) based on paramagnetic impurity ions in sapphire is reported. The frequency doubler has been characterised in terms of phase noise, power dependence and frequency stability (Allan variance) for an output frequency range between 20 and 40 GHz. With the measurement system referenced to a 10 MHz hydrogen MASER, the doubler exhibits a single sideband phase noise of ∼−108 dBc/Hz at 1 Hz offset frequency, from which an upper limit fractional frequency instability of about 2 × 10 −16 at 1 s integration time is estimated.

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Controlling the frequency-temperature sensitivity of a cryogenic sapphire maser frequency standard by manipulating Fe3+spins in the sapphire lattice

Cited by 10 publications

References 32 publications

Spin bath maser in a cryogenically cooled sapphire whispering gallery mode resonator

Spin bath maser in a cryogenically cooled sapphire whispering gallery mode resonator

Non-intrusive tunable resonant microwave cavity for optical detected magnetic resonance of NV centres in nanodiamonds

Frequency stability and phase noise performance of X‐band to Ka‐band active multiplier

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