Controlling the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) by releasing the predatory phytoseiid mites and pesticides on pepper in a greenhouse

Abstract

Two programs for controlling the western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), were evaluated. Greenhouse experiments were conducted for reducing F. occidentalis populations on pepper plants. The first program was by releasing four phytoseiid predacious mite species namely Neoseiulus arundonaxi (Metwally and Sanad), N. barkeri (Hughes), N. bicaudus (Wainstein), and Cydnoseius negevi (Swirski and Amitai) in the presence of blue sticky traps. The second one was by applying four sequential applications of different pesticides. Results showed that two releases of N. bicaudus, N. barkeri, and N. arundonaxi in the presence of the blue sticky traps reduced WFT population by 45 to 56%. The best control management of the WFT was by the following insecticides: chlorfenapyr, imidacloprid, azadirachtin, and agricultural potassium soap (third program).

Development of Ethyl Formate Disinfestation Treatment Methods for the Prevention of the Introduction and Establishment of Exotic Insect Pests in Greenhouse Cultivation

“…The species has also developed insecticide resistance to neonicotinoid-containing insecticides. Failures in F. occidentalis control have been reported all over the world, including China, Egypt, and Korea [29][30][31]. Two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch) are considered a serious, major pest in a variety of agricultural crops and ornamental plants [32,33].…”

Implement of Some Biocontrol Tactics as an Innovative Management Against Cucurbit Fly, Dacus ciliatus and Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis on Squash Crop

“…These obtained results in this study was agree with those findings by Hanafy (2015), who reported that spinosad 24% and spinetoram 12% in formulation of SC gave considerable results in reducing F. occidentalis density (67.13% 60.03% and after 14 days of treatment, respectively). In addition, the key management of WFT by pesticides can be initiated at the low infestation of F. occidentalis to avoid the pest overlapping, once it reaches to a high infestation; its' control is difficult (Cloyd, 2009 andSanad andHassan, 2019). In view of the results those obtained by Sanad and Hassan (2019), different 9 pesticides in 4 control programs as in present study were sprayed for controlling F. occidentalis stages in rotating insecticides, like as, reported that the primary rule to prevent or reduce the WFT resistance from insecticide is the used of insecticide rotating.…”

Predatory mites, a green pesticide, and an Entomopathogenic compound: A proposed IPM tactic based on pest species diversity indices and population dynamics

“…Some arthropods (e.g., T. urticae) could build resistant generations toward chemical compound (Ramasubramanian et al, 2005), as a specialist predator; P. persimilis was very efficient towards T. urticae (reduction percentage average= 90% in the whole study), and useless for other pests, due to its diet specialty (McMurtry and Croft, 1997;McMurtry et al, 2013). To keep other pest species under the EIL, therefore, we used the predatory species; A. swirskii and C. negevi which were the best candidates, as an indigenous species in the Mediterranean basin, and have a wide range of feeding preferences (e.g., whiteflies, thrips, eriophyid and tetranychid pests) in both open fields and greenhouses (Nomikou et al, 2001;Wimmer et al, 2008;Arthurs et al, 2009;Stansly and Castillo, 2010;Calvo et al, 2011;Doğramaci et al, 2011;Onzo et al, 2012;Xiao et al, 2012;Negm et al, 2014;Alatawi et al, 2018;Sanad and Hassan, 2019). Interactions such as competition, intraguild predation (IGP), extraguild predation, and cannibalism would affect the plant-prey-predator relations in the IPM procedure, thus using multiple predatory species different in their dietary preferences and predatory behaviour is better than using single ones (Schausberger and Walzer, 2001;Momen, 2010;Momen and El-Borolossy, 2010;Momen et al, 2013;Guo et al, 2016;Knapp et al, 2018;Döker et al, 2021;Momen andAbdel-Khalek, 2009 a, b, 2021).…”

“…Some arthropods (e.g., T. urticae ) could build resistant generations toward chemical compound (Ramasubramanian et al ., 2005), as a specialist predator; P. persimilis was very efficient towards T. urticae (reduction percentage average= 90% in the whole study), and useless for other pests, due to its diet specialty (McMurtry and Croft, 1997; McMurtry et al ., 2013). To keep other pest species under the EIL, therefore, we used the predatory species; A. swirskii and C. negevi which were the best candidates, as an indigenous species in the Mediterranean basin, and have a wide range of feeding preferences (e.g., whiteflies, thrips, eriophyid and tetranychid pests) in both open fields and greenhouses (Nomikou et al ., 2001; Wimmer et al ., 2008; Arthurs et al ., 2009; Stansly and Castillo, 2010; Calvo et al ., 2011; Doğramaci et al ., 2011; Onzo et al ., 2012; Xiao et al ., 2012; Negm et al ., 2014; Alatawi et al ., 2018; Sanad and Hassan, 2019).…”

“…Till now, very large number of predatory and/or parasite taxa been used to control pest infestations that caused massive economic losses (Smagghe and Diaz, 2012). Predatory phytoseiid mites have reported to be successful control means for spider mites (Negm et al, 2014;Alatawi et al, 2018), eriophyids (Momen et al, 2004(Momen et al, , 2014Momen and Abdel-Khalek, 2008;Abou-Elella et al, 2014;Melo et al, 2015;Abdel-Khalek and Momen, 2022;Ferreira et al, 2022), whiteflies (Teich, 1966;Nomikou et al, 2001Nomikou et al, , 2002Nomikou et al, , 2003, thrips (Messelink et al, 2006;Arthurs et al, 2009;Sanad and Hassan, 2019), aphids (Messelink et al, 2013), and they were proven to fed alternative sources as pollen (van Rijn and Tanigoshi, 1999;Abou-Elella et al, 2014;Delisle et al, 2015 b;Rahmani et al, 2021;Xin and Zhang, 2021), fungi (Zemek and Prenerová, 1997;Momen and Abdelkhader, 2010), or other factitious food/artificial diet to be mass produced (Janssen and Sabelis, 2015;Delisle et al, 2015 a, b;Momen et al, 2020;Xin and Zhang, 2021). New trends of bio-agents which been used are the Entomopathogenic fungal species, e.g., Beauveria bassiana (Bals.)…”