Controlling the yield and structure of carbon nanofibers grown on a nickel/activated carbon catalyst

Rinaldi, Ali; Abdullah, Norly; Ali, Md. Eaqub; Furche, Andreas; Hamid, Sharifah Bee Abd; Schlögl, Robert

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2009.06.056

Cited by 33 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…The growth of CNTs on natural materials is a potential way to achieve environmentally benign and low-cost production. [258] A variety of minerals (such as volcanic lava rock, bentonite, soil, [258] garnet sand, [259] wollastonites, [260] montmorillonite, [261] sepiolite, [262] and vermiculite, [113,210,212] ), biomass-derived materials (such as activated carbon, [263] black jew's-ear fungus and black sesame seeds [264] ), and industrial wastes (such as red mud [265] and fly ash [266] ), have been used as catalysts and/or catalyst supports for the synthesis of CNTs. Organic natural materials, such as coal, [267] natural gas, [268] liquefied petroleum gas, [269] eucalyptus oil, [270] turpentine oil, [271] camphor, [272] deoiled asphalt, [273] even grass, [274] can serve as the carbon source for CNT synthesis.…”

Section: Feedstock Savingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Nanotube Mass Production: Principles and Processes

et al. 2011

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Our society requires new materials for a sustainable future, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are among the most important advanced materials. This Review describes the state-of-the-art of CNT synthesis, with a focus on their mass-production in industry. At the nanoscale, the production of CNTs involves the self-assembly of carbon atoms into a one-dimensional tubular structure. We describe how this synthesis can be achieved on the macroscopic scale in processes akin to the continuous tonne-scale mass production of chemical products in the modern chemical industry. Our overview includes discussions on processing methods for high-purity CNTs, and the handling of heat and mass transfer problems. Manufacturing strategies for agglomerated and aligned single-/multiwalled CNTs are used as examples of the engineering science of CNT production, which includes an understanding of their growth mechanism, agglomeration mechanism, reactor design, and process intensification. We aim to provide guidelines for the production and commercialization of CNTs. Although CNTs can now be produced on the tonne scale, knowledge of the growth mechanism at the atomic scale, the relationship between CNT structure and application, and scale-up of the production of CNTs with specific chirality are still inadequate. A multidisciplinary approach is a prerequisite for the sustainable development of the CNT industry.

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Section: Feedstock Savingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Nanotube Mass Production: Principles and Processes

et al. 2011

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“…Differing from other natural materials for CNT synthesis, AC may suffer gasification during CVD treatment at high temperatures in the presence of hydrogen. [29] The yield of CNFs on the AC was found to be non-proportional to the amount of iron in the starting AC, which suggests that the iron content in the AC can be buried in the bulk such that not all of the iron content plays a role in the CNF growth. The diameters of the CNFs were typically in the range of 30-300 nm, with a small number having diameters as large as 500 nm.…”

Section: Biomass-based Activated Carbonmentioning

confidence: 96%

The Use of Natural Materials in Nanocarbon Synthesis

2009

ChemSusChem

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Nanomaterials are shifting from laboratory-scale preparation to industrial production. The energy costs and starting materials (feedstock, catalyst, and support) consumed or used in the mass production of nanomaterials are issues that limit their broad application. Natural materials, such as sand, rock, and lava, contain small or trace amounts of metals or metal oxides of nanometer-scale sizes and have been recently used as catalysts for the production of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), providing an interesting way to lower the production cost of CNTs. However, the sustainability of the whole production process still needs to be explored. Layered minerals (e.g., clays) are used to produce CNT-clay hybrids, which can be further used to synthesize polymer-CNT-clay nanocomposites. Natural materials and some byproducts of industrial production processes have been explored as carbon sources for nanocarbon synthesis. This Minireview highlights some recent promising work and prospects for the use of natural materials in the synthesis of CNTs, carbon nanofibers (CNFs), and nanocomposites, and their applications in catalysis and in materials science.

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“…Among the catalysts, Ni is characterized by exhibiting the highest catalytic activity in the production of CNFs [9,10]. In most studies, Ni was deposited on widely used supports, such as Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , TiO 2 , MgO [11,12], and zeolites [13] in addition to activated carbon [14,15] and carbon nanofibers/nanotubes [16,17]. Herein, we report the use of hydroxyapatite (HAp) as a support for a Ni catalyst to produce CNFs using methane decomposition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth of carbon nanofibers from methane on a hydroxyapatite-supported nickel catalyst

et al. 2016

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Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were grown using catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) with methane as the carbon source and a hydroxyapatite-supported nickel catalyst (Ni/HAp). The catalyst, which contained approximately 14 wt% Ni, was prepared using the incipient wetness method with an aqueous nickel nitrate solution. Temperature-programmed reduction and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the active phase of Ni/HAp. Three variables were evaluated to optimize the CNF growth process, including the temperature and the time of catalyst reduction as well as the reaction time, at 650°C. Regardless of the applied CCVD process conditions, herringbone bamboo-like CNFs were grown during methane decomposition over Ni/HAp, which was confirmed using transmission electron microscopy. A high CNF yield of nearly 10 g CNF g cat -1was achieved at 650°C after a reaction time of 3 h when the catalyst was subjected to a reduction at the same temperature for 2 h under a hydrogen flow prior to synthesis. As the reduction temperature increased from 450 to 650°C, both the yield and diameters of the CNFs increased. The beneficial effects of including hydrogen in the reaction mixture on the catalytic performance of Ni/ HAp and the purity of the grown CNFs were demonstrated.

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Controlling the yield and structure of carbon nanofibers grown on a nickel/activated carbon catalyst

Cited by 33 publications

References 97 publications

Carbon Nanotube Mass Production: Principles and Processes

Carbon Nanotube Mass Production: Principles and Processes

The Use of Natural Materials in Nanocarbon Synthesis

Growth of carbon nanofibers from methane on a hydroxyapatite-supported nickel catalyst

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