Controls on the chemical composition of ferromanganese nodules in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern equatorial Pacific

Menendez, Amaya; James, Rachael H.; Lichtschlag, Anna; Connelly, Douglas P.; Peel, Kate

doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2018.12.004

Cited by 39 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…APEIs generally mirror regional sediment patterns, although much of APEI 6 is indicated to include gravel and coarser siliciclastic material; the only location in the CCZ indicated to have this sediment type (Dutkiewicz et al, 2015; Supplementary Figure 16). However, direct sampling and extensive seafloor photography in APEI 6 primarily found brown-clay sediments (Menendez et al, 2019;Simon-Lledó et al, 2019a).…”

Section: Sediment Typementioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Heterogeneity Throughout the Clarion-Clipperton Zone and the Potential Representativity of the APEI Network

et al. 2021

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Environmental variables such as food supply, nodule abundance, sediment characteristics, and water chemistry may influence abyssal seafloor communities and ecosystem functions at scales from meters to thousands of kilometers. Thus, knowledge of environmental variables is necessary to understand drivers of organismal distributions and community structure, and for selection of proxies for regional variations in community structure, biodiversity, and ecosystem functions. In October 2019, the Deep CCZ Biodiversity Synthesis Workshop was conducted to (i) compile recent seafloor ecosystem data from the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ), (ii) synthesize patterns of seafloor biodiversity, ecosystem functions, and potential environmental drivers across the CCZ, and (iii) assess the representativity of no-mining areas (Areas of Particular Environmental Interest, APEIs) for subregions and areas in the CCZ targeted for polymetallic nodule mining. Here we provide a compilation and summary of water column and seafloor environmental data throughout the CCZ used in the Synthesis Workshop and in many of the papers in this special volume. Bottom-water variables were relatively homogenous throughout the region while nodule abundance, sediment characteristics, seafloor topography, and particulate organic carbon flux varied across CCZ subregions and between some individual subregions and their corresponding APEIs. This suggests that additional APEIs may be needed to protect the full range of habitats and biodiversity within the CCZ.

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Section: Sediment Typementioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Heterogeneity Throughout the Clarion-Clipperton Zone and the Potential Representativity of the APEI Network

et al. 2021

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“…The ferromanganese deposits studied have a lower total REE Y content than the diagenetic and hydrogenetic nodules in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone of the Pacific Ocean (Menendez et al 2019) but a higher content than that for hydrothermal deposits (Pelleter et al 2017). The PAAS-normalized REE patterns for the nodules are characterized by slightly negative Ce and positive Eu.…”

Section: Geochemistry Of the Manganese Depositsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Mineralogy and geochemistry of ferromanganese oxide deposits from the Chukchi Sea in the Arctic Ocean

Cui

Liu

et al. 2020

Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research

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Abundant ferromanganese oxide deposits were recovered from the Chukchi Sea in the Arctic Ocean during the 7th Chinese Arctic Scientific Expedition in August 2016. Representative samples were collected to perform a mineralogical and geochemical analysis and elucidate their origin. Their mineral phases consist of todorokite, buserite, and birnessite, along with a small quantity of detrital minerals (quartz, feldspar, serpentine, kaolinite, and illite). Their elemental composition is rich in Ni and Mn compared to ferromanganese oxide deposits from other locations in the Chukchi Sea. The total rare earth element (REE) concentration varied from 138.95 to 207.23 μg/g with an average of 164.75 μg/g. The post-Archean Australian shale-normalized REE patterns have a slightly negative Ce anomaly and a positive Eu anomaly. The comprehensive geochemical and mineral data show that they have a mixed hydrothermal and diagenetic origin.

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“…It also effectively explains the greater decrease observed for Type 1 nodule fines in the abundance of most trace metals (e.g., Mn, Co, Ni, Cu; Figure 4), because more porous and fragile Type 1 nodules will likely release a greater amount of encapsulated sediments compared to the Type 2 nodules (Figure 3). Whether this can be generalized as a universal characteristic of dominantly diagenetic nodules in the CCZ needs further evaluation, but dendritic structures that frequently encapsulate sediment particles are typical for diagenetic layers, which precipitate in the sediment pores [5,24,36].…”

Section: Causes Of Compositional Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Fines Produced by Degradation of Polymetallic Nodules from the Clarion–Clipperton Zone

et al. 2021

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The discharge of fluid–particle mixture tailings can cause serious disturbance to the marine environment in deep-sea mining of polymetallic nodules. Unrecovered nodule fines are one of the key components of the tailings, but little information has been gained on their properties. Here, we report major, trace, and rare earth element compositions of <63 μm particles produced by the experimental degradation of two types of polymetallic nodules from the Clarion–Clipperton Zone. Compared to the bulk nodules, the fines produced are enriched in Al, K, and Fe and depleted in Mn, Co, Ni, As, Mo, and Cd. The deviation from the bulk composition of original nodules is particularly pronounced in the finer fraction of particles. With X-ray diffraction patterns showing a general increase in silicate and aluminosilicates in the fines, the observed trends indicate a significant contribution of sediment particles released from the pores and cracks of nodules. Not only the amount but also the composition of nodule fines is expected to significantly differ depending on the minimum recovery size of particles at the mining vessel.

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Controls on the chemical composition of ferromanganese nodules in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern equatorial Pacific

Cited by 39 publications

References 46 publications

Environmental Heterogeneity Throughout the Clarion-Clipperton Zone and the Potential Representativity of the APEI Network

Environmental Heterogeneity Throughout the Clarion-Clipperton Zone and the Potential Representativity of the APEI Network

Mineralogy and geochemistry of ferromanganese oxide deposits from the Chukchi Sea in the Arctic Ocean

Characterization of Fines Produced by Degradation of Polymetallic Nodules from the Clarion–Clipperton Zone

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