Conventional analytical methods for chemical warfare agents

Hill, Herbert H.; Martin, Stephen J.

doi:10.1351/pac200274122281

Cited by 158 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…1 Among all Chemical Weapons species, neurotoxic agents (also referred to as nerve agents) are classified by United Nations as weapons of mass destruction. They are particularly dangerous because of their high toxicity and ease of production.…”

Section: Neurotoxic Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to carry out these measurements, 1.5 mg of solid S1 were suspended in 11.25 mL of different solutions at increasing concentrations of the corresponding simulants (1,2,5,11,15,20,25,35,40,50 …”

Section: Detection Limit Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 In a classical approach, these chemosensors are formed by the combination of two characteristic groups, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gated Materials for On-Command Release of Guest Molecules

et al. 2016

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Multidisciplinary research at the forefront of the field of hybrid materials has paved the way to the development of endless examples of smart devices. One appealing concept in this fertile field is related to the design of gated materials. These are constructed for finely tuning the delivery of chemical or biochemical species from voids of porous supports to a solution in response to predefined stimuli. Such gated materials are composed mainly of two subunits: (i) a porous inorganic support in which a cargo is loaded and (ii) certain molecular or supramolecular entities, generally grafted onto the external surface, which can control mass transport from pores. On the basis of this concept, a large number of imaginative examples have been developed. This review intends to be a comprehensive analysis of papers published until 2014 on hybrid mesoporous gated materials. The molecules used as gates, the opening mechanisms, and controlled release behavior are detailed. We hope this review will not only help researchers who work in this field but also may open the minds of related ones to develop new advances in this fertile research area.

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Section: Neurotoxic Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Detection Limit Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gated Materials for On-Command Release of Guest Molecules

et al. 2016

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“…A pulsed micro valve has been developed that passes exactly the same volume of air in each opening. The volume of air introduced through the valve is 0.034 mm 3 and the tolerance is less than 1%, as shown in Figure 4. This volume of air increases the gas pressure up to a peak of 2.5 ϫ 10 Ϫ4 torr.…”

Section: Pulsed Gas Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the mass spectrometer is one of the most powerful tools of chemical analysis, its use in the field as a portable device has been limited mainly because of its size, weight, and power requirements. For this reason, alternative methods have been widely used for chemical agent detection in the field [1][2][3], e.g., ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), flame photometry, infrared spectroscopy, electrochemistry, color change chemistry, surface acoustic wave, photo-ionization, conductive polymer, flame-ionization, etc. The basic concept of IMS is to characterize chemical substances through gas-phase ion mobility at atmospheric pressure [4].…”

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confidence: 99%

Development of a palm portable mass spectrometer

Yang

Kim

Hwang

et al. 2008

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

117

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A palm portable mass spectrometer (PPMS) has been developed with a weight of 1.48 kg (3 lb) and a size of 1.54 L (8.2 X 7.7 X 24.5 em") that can be operated with an average battery power of 5 W. A miniaturized ion trap has been used as a mass analyzer that consists of four parallel disks with coaxial holes. A rf voltage of 1500 V p _ p at 3.9 MHz has been used for scanning ion mass of up to m/z300. An ion-getter pump serves for high vacuum of the PPMS. Sample gas was introduced in pulse mode. An embedded microcomputer has been developed for system control. Detection of organic gases diluted in the air has been demonstrated up to 6 ppm for toluene and 22 ppm for dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP (CWA) in the field, the monitoring of air pollution and environmental quality, the inspection of explosives and drugs by homeland security, and the analysis of gases during space exploration. Although the mass spectrometer is one of the most powerful tools of chemical analysis, its use in the field as a portable device has been limited mainly because of its size, weight, and power requirements. For this reason, alternative methods have been widely used for chemical agent detection in the field [1-3], e.g., ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), flame photometry, infrared spectroscopy, electrochemistry, color change chemistry, surface acoustic wave, photo-ionization, conductive polymer, flame-ionization, etc. The basic concept of IMS is to characterize chemical substances through gas-phase ion mobility at atmospheric pressure [4]. An advantage of IMS is that it does not need a vacuum pump, and so its weight and size can be reduced. However, a disadvantage is the poor resolution and broadening of the ion flight time distribution caused by ions continually colliding with air molecules. For this reason, the rate of false alarms is high when other chemical substances are present in the background. Another disadvantage is the need for an intense radiation source for ionization at atmospheric pressure, which can give rise to environmental issues. Other devices using surface acoustic waves or conductive polymers are very compact in size, but these do not display spectrum-based information of Address reprint requests to Dr. M. Yang, Analytical Instrumentation Research Institute, Sam Yang Chemical Co., Seoul, Korea. E-mail: dryangmo@yahoo.com unknown gases [5], and can only be used for confirming the presence of a specific group of agents. In the field, the capability for not only detection but also identification is very important because specific identification of a poison gas is needed for immediate detoxification of victims. However, the identification of chemical substances in the field with a personal mobile device has not yet been successfully achieved.A mass spectrometer is uniquely able to differentiate chemical substances based on molecular mass spectra. A number of mass spectrometers have been developed for military use, such as MMI [1] and CBMS [6]. However, these are large and heavy, and are deployed only as vehicle mounted...

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Detection and Screening of Chemicals Related to the Chemical Weapons Convention

Murray

2000

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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Spurred by recent events, there is an ever‐growing interest in the detection of hazardous chemicals in both military and civilian contexts. The threat of chemical weapons has spread from the battlefield to cities and towns due to the threat of international terrorism. Detection of hazardous chemicals and now chemical weapons is a requirement for first responders of all sorts. While a plethora of devices and materials exist, they all have certain inherent weaknesses and no one device can be relied upon to give an unambiguous response. As usual in chemical detection, two orthogonal methods give a much higher confidence than does any single method. This article identifies hazardous chemicals identified by the Chemical Weapons Convention and provides a description of materials and devices for sensing and responding to chemical agent contamination and releases. It comparatively evaluates current and near‐term sensor options for detecting the most likely current threats. It also identifies sensor technologies that may be capable of responding to a wider range of substances (e.g., hazardous industrial chemicals and new chemical warfare agents) to provide options for coping with new threats as they develop. Previous research results on the principal background contaminants that have the potential of introducing unwanted false alarms in chemical agent detection systems are collated, and techniques that may be capable of reducing the impact of toxic material releases are suggested.

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Conventional analytical methods for chemical warfare agents

Cited by 158 publications

References 46 publications

Gated Materials for On-Command Release of Guest Molecules

Gated Materials for On-Command Release of Guest Molecules

Development of a palm portable mass spectrometer

Detection and Screening of Chemicals Related to the Chemical Weapons Convention

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