Conventional PM still a challenge for titanium and alloys

Capus, Joseph

doi:10.1016/s0026-0657(14)70274-7

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…However, the high cost to produce titanium components limits its use to high-end applications where cost is not a primary factor, usually in the aerospace, defense, and medical sectors (Ref 1,2). This high cost is the result of two factors: The production of titanium mill product from primary materials requires many costly steps, and its reactivity and poor workability make it difficult to cast, forge, and machine (Ref 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Near-net-shape components using additive manufacturing (AM or 3D printing) and powder metallurgy (PM) methods have recently been used to alleviate some of these cost problems (Ref [1][2][3]. AM of metals can be separated into two broad categories: indirect methods, where a binder is used to bond the metal particles and post-processing is used to remove the binder and consolidate the part, and direct methods, where the final part is created directly without a binder (Ref 4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AM of metals can be separated into two broad categories: indirect methods, where a binder is used to bond the metal particles and post-processing is used to remove the binder and consolidate the part, and direct methods, where the final part is created directly without a binder (Ref 4). It is possible to fabricate intricate parts with good surface finishes with processes such as electron beam melting (EBM) (Ref [3][4][5]; however, this process is currently limited by a manufacturing rate of 6 g/ min at the very high end for titanium [modified from (Ref 6, 7) using a density of titanium of 4.51 g/cm 2 ( Ref 1)]. This deposition rate leaves much room for improvement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cold Spraying of Armstrong Process Titanium Powder for Additive Manufacturing

et al. 2016

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Titanium parts are ideally suited for aerospace applications due to their unique combination of high specific strength and excellent corrosion resistance. However, titanium as bulk material is expensive and challenging/costly to machine. Production of complex titanium parts through additive manufacturing looks promising, but there are still many barriers to overcome before reaching mainstream commercialization. The cold gas dynamic spraying process offers the potential for additive manufacturing of large titanium parts due to its reduced reactive environment, its simplicity to operate, and the high deposition rates it offers. A few challenges are to be addressed before the additive manufacturing potential of titanium by cold gas dynamic spraying can be reached. In particular, it is known that titanium is easy to deposit by cold gas dynamic spraying, but the deposits produced are usually porous when nitrogen is used as the carrier gas. In this work, a method to manufacture low-porosity titanium components at high deposition efficiencies is revealed. The components are produced by combining low-pressure cold spray using nitrogen as the carrier gas with low-cost titanium powder produced using the Armstrong process. The microstructure and mechanical properties of additive manufactured titanium components are investigated.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cold Spraying of Armstrong Process Titanium Powder for Additive Manufacturing

et al. 2016

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“…Due to its high strength-to-weight ratio, high temperature thermal stability and excellent corrosion resistance Ti alloys especially Ti6Al4V is widely used in automobile, aerospace and marine applications [1][2][3]. However, the high costs and complex steps involved in manufacturing Ti parts due to its high reactivity and poor machinability requires alternate processes [4]. Recently cold spray (CS) or cold gas dynamic spraying is being used to deposit Ti and its alloys both as bulk and coatings [2,3,5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sliding wear of cold sprayed Ti6Al4V coatings: Effect of porosity and normal load

Munagala

Bessette

Gauvin

et al. 2020

Wear

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“…The blended elemental (BE) and the pre-alloyed (PA) approaches are the most widely used powder metallurgy (PM) methods employed in the production of the Ti-6Al-4V [9]. In the latter method, the pre-alloyed 60Al-40V master alloy which is a semi-finished product is commonly used in the development of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy [10]. The methods used to produce Al-based master alloys include mixing processes [11,12,13], sintering and mechanical alloying methods [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructures and Phases Analysis of the 60Al-40V Master Alloy Produced by the Aluminothermic Process

Mapoli

Mutombo

Annan

et al. 2022

Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal.

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Aluminothermic reaction process was used to produce the 60Al-40V master alloy from pure Al metal and vanadium pentoxide (V2O5). Material characterization techniques including light optical microscopy (LOM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to analyse the microstructural, chemical composition and phases present in the alloy. Thermal analysis was carried out on the alloy using simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry (DSC-TG) analysis to determine the phase transformations. The microstructural analysis through both LOM and SEM indicated that the starting material consisted of the columnar dendritic structure. After the double heating cycle during the DSC-TG tests, the dendrite structure transformed to the globular structure. The globularization was attributed to the dendrite fragmentation obtained when heating the as-cast materials in the solidliquid region. This globular shape playing a positive role in enhancing the properties of the alloy. Through DSC-TG analysis, different peaks of transition temperatures were detected showing that the phase transformations occurred during the heating and cooling processes. The Al-rich phase (Al21V2) did not dissolve during homogenization. However, the intermetallic Al8V5 phase transformed to the Al3V phase during cooling. The chemical analysis of the produced master alloy was found to be 63 Al and 37 wt. % V. The phases in the alloy were principally identified to be Al3V and Al8V5 intermetallic phases. The analysis of the results shows that the most stable phase found at high temperature was the Al3V phase.

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Conventional PM still a challenge for titanium and alloys

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Cold Spraying of Armstrong Process Titanium Powder for Additive Manufacturing

Cold Spraying of Armstrong Process Titanium Powder for Additive Manufacturing

Sliding wear of cold sprayed Ti6Al4V coatings: Effect of porosity and normal load

Microstructures and Phases Analysis of the 60Al-40V Master Alloy Produced by the Aluminothermic Process

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