“…They are expressed in mathematical way as follows [26][27][28][29] (19) The global minimum of Giunta is near 0.9, and all others is zero. For the comparison purpose, we also utilize the GA, the PSO algorithm, and some other 15 existing popular methods such as SOC 1 [30,31], SOC 2 [30,31], DSPSO [32][33][34], FAPSO 1, FAPSO 2, and arPSO [32][33][34], SFS [35], MCS [35,36], GSA [35,37], ABC [35,38], DHS [39], CKH [40], MBO [41], IHS [40], and HS [40] to test these six functions. The results are in Tables 1-6.…”