“…Convergence of the real-valued learning algorithm has been widely studied (Shao & Zheng, 2011;Wang, Yang, & Wu, 2011;Wu, Fan, & Zurada, 2014;Wu, Feng, Li, & Xu, 2005;Wu, Wang, Cheng, & Li, 2011). However, in the complex domain, in addition to the conflict between boundedness and analyticity of the activation function, another challenge is that the traditional mean value theorem does not hold in the complex domain (e.g., f (z) = e z with…”