Convergence and Divergence of Sugar and Cytokinin Signaling in Plant Development

Abstract

Plants adjust their growth and development through a sophisticated regulatory system integrating endogenous and exogenous cues. Many of them rely on intricate crosstalk between nutrients and hormones, an effective way of coupling nutritional and developmental information and ensuring plant survival. Sugars in their different forms such as sucrose, glucose, fructose and trehalose-6-P and the hormone family of cytokinins (CKs) are major regulators of the shoot and root functioning throughout the plant life cycle. While their individual roles have been extensively investigated, their combined effects have unexpectedly received little attention, resulting in many gaps in current knowledge. The present review provides an overview of the relationship between sugars and CKs signaling in the main developmental transition during the plant lifecycle, including seed development, germination, seedling establishment, root and shoot branching, leaf senescence, and flowering. These new insights highlight the diversity and the complexity of the crosstalk between sugars and CKs and raise several questions that will open onto further investigations of these regulation networks orchestrating plant growth and development.

Integrative mRNA and Long Noncoding RNA Analysis Reveals the Regulatory Network of Floral Bud Induction in Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.)

“…Meanwhile, our results also showed that sucrose and hormones were necessary for the physiological differentiation of floral buds. Previous studies have highlighted that sucrose-mediated signaling is interconnected with hormone-mediated floral induction, possibly as an additional part of flowering initiation (Wang et al, 2021 ).…”

Early Sucrose Degradation and the Dominant Sucrose Cleavage Pattern Influence Lycoris sprengeri Bulblet Regeneration In Vitro

“…Sugars and CKs play pivotal roles in plant morphogenesis and development during both the vegetative and reproductive stages of plant life [ 19 ]. There are two types of CKs: adenine-type CKs, including kinetin, zeatin and 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), and phenylurea-type CKs, represented by diphenylurea and thidiazuron.…”

“…The fine-tuned interactions between nutrients and hormones play pivotal roles in orchestrating plant yield and resistance to abiotic and biotic constraints [ 18 , 19 ]. Sugars and cytokinins (CKs) are among the most central regulators during plant growth and development.…”

“…Generally, sugars and CKs are individually viewed as major components in many aspects of plant biology. However, the interaction of sugars and CKs has not been systematically investigated [ 19 ]. Tissue culture involves the maintenance and development of plant explants placed on artificial media, thus providing a precisely controlled sterile conditions to study the interactions between sugars and hormones regarding plant growth and development.…”

Integrating the Roles for Cytokinin and Auxin in De Novo Shoot Organogenesis: From Hormone Uptake to Signaling Outputs

“…(1) hexokinase (HXK)-sensing system, (2) hexose transport-associated sensor (SUCROSE-NONFERMENTATION1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE1 (SnRK1) and TARGET OF RA-PAMYCIN (TOR) kinase) and ( 3) the Suc-specific pathway, which may implicate a signaling Suc transporter [120]. Germination, hypocotyl elongation, flowering, senescence, root and leaf growth, metabolism of carbon and nitrogen, pathogen attack and wounding are some of the processes that are shown to be influenced by glucose signaling via hexokinasedependent pathways [121].…”