“…Their intention was to join the EU and "catch up" with the developed EU member states. The establishment of market-oriented economies in the early 1990s and the institutional, economic, and social linkages of these countries to the developed EU members were almost most important for their economic growth and development (Savić, Drvenkar & Drezgić, 2023;Drvenkar, Marošević & Unukić, 2023;Chamusca, Marques, Moreno Pires & Teles, 2022;Blažek, & Kveton, 2022;Casula, 2020;Stough, 2019;Lakshmann & Button, 2009in: Capello & Nijkamp, 2019Voigt, 2019;Constantin, Goschin & Dragan, 2011;Berend, 2011). Also, geographical location of underdeveloped regions should not be ignored (Rodríguez-Pose & Wilkie 2019), because often underdeveloped regions are located far from developed regions, i.e., on the periphery of the home country (Nilsen, Grillitsch & Hauge (2023).…”