Conversion and synthesis of chemicals catalyzed by fungal cytochrome P450 monooxygenases: A review

Abstract

Cytochrome P450s (also called CYPs or P450s) are a superfamily of heme‐containing monooxygenases. They are distributed in all biological kingdoms. Most fungi have at least two P450‐encoding genes, CYP51 and CYP61, which are housekeeping genes that play important roles in the synthesis of sterols. However, the kingdom fungi is an interesting source of numerous P450s. Here, we review reports on fungal P450s and their applications in the bioconversion and biosynthesis of chemicals. We highlight their history, availability, and versatility. We describe their involvement in hydroxylation, dealkylation, oxygenation, C═C epoxidation, C–C cleavage, C–C ring formation and expansion, C–C ring contraction, and uncommon reactions in bioconversion and/or biosynthesis pathways. The ability of P450s to catalyze these reactions makes them promising enzymes for many applications. Thus, we also discuss future prospects in this field. We hope that this review will stimulate further study and exploitation of fungal P450s for specific reactions and applications.

New Hydroxylactones and Chloro-Hydroxylactones Obtained by Biotransformation of Bicyclic Halolactones and Their Antibacterial Activity

“…In turn, hydroxylation reactions are catalyzed by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP). CYP enzymes, which come in many different variants, are capable of regioselective hydroxylation of the neutral C-H bond, especially in molecules of terpenoid compounds [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]. Hydroxylation reactions can also be catalyzed by unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs), enzymes often found in fungi [ 31 ].…”

Effects of Light on the Fruiting Body Color and Differentially Expressed Genes in Flammulina velutipes

“…CYP enzymes are important for various fungal metabolic processes, including sterol synthesis, steroid oxidation, and xenobiotic degradation. These enzymes exhibit diverse functions, including hydroxylation, dealkylation, and ring formation, and play a key role in detoxification and ecological survival [ 50 , 51 , 52 ]. It has been reported that the expression of CYP in blue-light-irradiated L. edodes increases with fruiting body development and shows consistently high expression at all growth stages [ 13 ].…”

Vitamin D: An Overview of Gene Regulation, Ranging from Metabolism to Genomic Effects

“…Moreover, they are detectable in a large number of organisms, from bacteria to humans, configuring themselves as a wide and heterogeneous enzyme family. The main feature of p450s is that they catalyze the selective oxidation of many molecules, ranging from the biosynthesis of natural products to the degradation of xenobiotic compounds [ 20 ].…”