Conversion of a Small-Size Passenger Car to Hydrogen Fueling: Simulation of CCV and Evaluation of Cylinder Imbalance

Irimescu, Adrian; Vaglieco, Bianca Maria; Merola, Simona Silvia; Zollo, Vasco; Marinis, Raffaele De

doi:10.3390/machines11020135

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…A rough estimate of the range was found to be around 100 km with a 30 L H 2 container at 700 bar (fitted alongside the 22 L OEM gasoline tank), which is comparable to the 130 km-range figure of the electric version of the vehicle [29]. An even higher range of around 170 km would be possible if the gasoline tank were substituted with H 2 bottles [30] (of course, if all aspects related to gas line routing and safety were mitigated successfully).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Engine speed and load were calculated for each of the four vehicle velocity points. Given the purpose of the passenger car, urban driving is most likely, and even if the 2480, 3130, and 2940 rpm values used for 30, 50, and 90 km/h in 3rd, 4th, and 5th gear, respectively [30], seem elevated, they fit the aforementioned gear shift strategy designed to ensure acceptable vehicle dynamics with contained engine torque.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conversion of a Small-Size Passenger Car to Hydrogen Fueling: 0D/1D Simulation of EGR and Related Flow Limitations

Irimescu,

Vaglieco,

Merola

et al. 2024

Applied Sciences

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Hydrogen is seen as a prime choice for complete replacement of gasoline so as to achieve zero-emissions energy and mobility. Combining the use of this alternative fuel with a circular economy approach for giving new life to the existing fleet of passenger cars ensures further benefits in terms of cost competitiveness. Transforming spark ignition (SI) engines to H2 power requires relatively minor changes and limited added components. Within this framework, the conversion of a small-size passenger car to hydrogen fueling was evaluated based on 0D/1D simulation. One of the methods to improve efficiency is to apply exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), which also lowers NOx emissions. Therefore, the previous version of the quasi-dimensional model was modified to include EGR and its effects on combustion. A dedicated laminar flame speed model was implemented for the specific properties of hydrogen, and a purpose-built sub-routine was implemented to correctly model the effects of residual gas at the start of combustion. Simulations were performed in several operating points representative of urban and highway driving. One of the main conclusions was that high-pressure recirculation was severely limited by the minimum flow requirements of the compressor. Low-pressure EGR ensured wider applicability and significant improvement of efficiency, especially during partial-load operation specific to urban use. Another benefit of recirculation was that pressure rise rates were predicted to be more contained and closer to the values expected for gasoline fueling. This was possible due to the high tolerance of H2 to the presence of residual gas.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conversion of a Small-Size Passenger Car to Hydrogen Fueling: 0D/1D Simulation of EGR and Related Flow Limitations

Irimescu,

Vaglieco,

Merola

et al. 2024

Applied Sciences

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…A gear-shift strategy around 3000 rpm was taken as representative for the automated manual gearbox fitted to the vehicle. With the combination of possible transmission ratios, engine speed was calculated for each of the four points, and the load was modeled so as to ensure constant vehicle speed; more details are available in [24].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several operating conditions were examined from this point of view by applying a 0D/1D simulation. Compared to the previous versions of the model [23,24], the injection rate was taken as a variable for gaseous fuels, and the combustion characteristics of methane and propane were also implemented. A control-oriented approach ensured the modeling requirements for defining the boundary conditions for calculating the H 2 concentrations in the intake port at the intake valve opening (IVO).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conversion of a Small-Size Passenger Car to Hydrogen Fueling: Evaluating the Risk of Backfire and the Correlation to Fuel System Requirements through 0D/1D Simulation

Irimescu¹,

Vaglieco²,

Merola³

et al. 2023

Energies

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Hydrogen is an effective route for achieving zero carbon dioxide emissions, with a contained cost compared to electric powertrains. When considering the conversion of spark ignition (SI) engines to H2 fueling, relatively minor changes are required in terms of added components. This study looks at the possibility of converting a small-size passenger car powered by a turbocharged SI unit. The initial evaluation of range and peak power showed that overall, the concept is feasible and directly comparable to the electric version of the vehicle in terms of powertrain performance. Injection phasing effects and cylinder imbalance were found to be potential issues. Therefore, the present work applied an 0D/1D simulation for investigating the effects of hydrogen fueling with respect to the likelihood of backfire. A range of engine speeds and load settings were scrutinized for evaluating the possibility of achieving the minimal risk of abnormal combustion due to pre-ignition. Ensuring the correct flow was predicted to be essential, especially at high loads and engine speeds. Fuel delivery phasing with respect to valve intake and closing events was also found to be a major factor that influenced not only backfire occurrence but conversion efficiency as well. Interactions with the electronic control unit were also evaluated, and additional requirements compared to standard conversion kits for LPG or CNG fueling were identified.

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“…These settings were aimed at obtaining engine behaviour that was as close as possible to the real-world use. More details of the model can be found in [19,20]. The novelty of this manuscript is the simulation of the entirety of the operating maps (1000-6000 rpm and 2.5 to 17 bar bmep).…”

Section: Internal Combustion Engine Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of a Second Life City Vehicle Refurbished to Include Hybrid Powertrain Technology

Martínez-Boggio

Irimescu²,

Curto-Risso

et al. 2023

Machines

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Due to increased powertrain efficiency, electrified propulsion has seen significant diffusion in the automotive sector in recent years. Despite the possible reduction in tailpipe CO2 emissions, the advancements in the technology are not sufficient to tackle the challenge of global greenhouse emissions. An additional action could be the use of second life vehicles to drastically reduce the emissions associated with vehicle manufacturing and recycling/disposal. Urban vehicles are the most suitable to be electrified due to the large start-and-stop cycling and the possibility of using regenerative braking. Therefore, this work considered the hypothesis of hybridizing a small size passenger car with parallel and Series technology. The powertrain is designed for an old vehicle suitable for second life use after refurbishment. A numerical model of the propulsion components was built and applied after previous validation in homologation conditions. Several urban cycles representative of European cities were considered. The final hybrid model is compared with two baselines: non-hybrid and pure electric version already lunched in the market by the manufacturer. The findings indicate that used HEV cars could be a viable option for cutting CO2 emissions from city vehicles without reducing their range. In comparison to non-hybrid vehicles, the series can typically reduce CO2 emissions by 41%, compared to the P2’s 32%.

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Conversion of a Small-Size Passenger Car to Hydrogen Fueling: Simulation of CCV and Evaluation of Cylinder Imbalance

Cited by 6 publications

References 32 publications

Conversion of a Small-Size Passenger Car to Hydrogen Fueling: 0D/1D Simulation of EGR and Related Flow Limitations

Conversion of a Small-Size Passenger Car to Hydrogen Fueling: 0D/1D Simulation of EGR and Related Flow Limitations

Conversion of a Small-Size Passenger Car to Hydrogen Fueling: Evaluating the Risk of Backfire and the Correlation to Fuel System Requirements through 0D/1D Simulation

Assessment of a Second Life City Vehicle Refurbished to Include Hybrid Powertrain Technology

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