Conversion of acid oil by-produced in vegetable oil refining to biodiesel fuel by immobilized Candida antarctica lipase

A review of the current state of biodiesel production using enzymatic transesterification

“…The contradicting results by Watanabe et al (2006) compared to the other references mentioned in this section can be explained by pretreatment of the lipase in a mixture of oil, methyl oleate, and methanol. The pretreatment solution can be expected to intrude the carrier and take up place where otherwise the glycerol would be able to intrude if the biocatalyst was not pretreated.…”

“…Glycerol has been reported to decrease enzyme activity (imm.) (Belafibako et al, 2002;Dossat et al, 1999) as well as increase their stability (Watanabe et al, 2006), while no product inhibition due to fatty acid acyl ester has been reported. The glycerol effect is more likely due to mass transfer limitation in imm.…”

Biodiesel Fuel Production by Enzymatic Transesterification of Oils: Recent Trends, Challenges and Future Perspectives

“…There are many possible raw materials with a potential to obtain biodiesel. Generally, the main feedstock for biodiesel production can be divided in: 1) Vegetable oils such as sunflower oil (Dizge et al, 2009;Modi et al, 2007), soybean oil (Guan et al, 2010;Rodrigues et al, 2010), rapeseed oil Watanabe et al, 2007), jatropha oil Tamalampudi et al 2008), cotton seed oil (Royon et al,2007); 2) Animal fats such as tallow, lard (Da Cunha et al,, 2009;Ngo et al 2008); 3) Waste cooking oils and industrial waste oils (Chen et al, 2009;Halim et al, 2009). The fatty acid composition of animal fats is not favourable for biodiesel production, since they contain predominantly saturated fatty acids.…”

“…Experiment showed that increase of the number of carbon atoms increased the cetane number as well as heat content of the fuel. Also, fatty acid esters of secondary or branchedchain alcohols can be used as fuel additives since they decrease the solidification point, and consequently, the high cloud point and pour point (Salis et al 2005;Watanabe et al 2007). Kose et al dealt with the alcoholysis of cotton seed oil with primary and secondary alcohols by using Novozyme 435 lipase.…”

Production of Biodiesel from Acid Oil via a Two-Step Enzymatic Transesterification

“…The resulting fatty acid was then converted to the corresponding fatty acid methyl ester using Novozym 435. Watanabe et al 23 also succeeded in producing biodiesel from acid oil and methanol via the repeated enzymatic transesterification of these materials in the presence of Novozym 435. It is noteworthy, however, that the use of Novozym 435 as a biocatalyst for the largescale production of biodiesel would not be economically viable, because this material is one of the most expensive immobilized lipases currently available.…”