Conversion of carbohydrates biomass into levulinate esters using heterogeneous catalysts

Conversion of carbohydrates to methyl levulinate catalyzed by sulfated montmorillonite

“…One was from biomass-derived feedstocks, such as: LA, furfuryl alcohol and furfural [10][11][12], which was costly. For this reason, researchers developed another new and efficient approach to produce levulinate esters by the alcoholysis of cellulosic biomass or carbohydrates under acidic conditions [13][14][15]. Among various solid acid catalysts, sulfated metal oxides have been widely utilized to convert carbohydrates, such as sulfated titania, and zirconia [16,17].…”

Heteropoly tungstate supported on tantalum oxide: a highly active acid catalyst for the selective conversion of fructose to 5-hydroxy methyl furfural

“…Replacing petroleum feedstock by biomass requires efficient and environmentally benign technologies to transform biomass particularly lignocellulosic biomass into chemicals and fuels [2]. Among the different possible chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass to platform chemicals, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural and levulinic acid are the most important ones [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. HMF is one of the important compounds that can be used for the preparation of variety of fine chemicals, polymeric materials and biofuels [10][11][12].…”

Conversion of Biomass-Derived Furfuryl Alcohol into Ethyl Levulinate Catalyzed by Solid Acid in Ethanol

“…SO 4 /Al 2 O 3 were prepared according to the precipitation and impregnation method (Peng et al 2011a). Additionally, sulfated oxides catalysts were obtained and labeled ST, SZ, SS, and SA, respectively.…”

“…However, as raw material for this purpose, levulinic acid is of high cost with its present uneconomic production from the acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass due to its high boiling point and activity (Ya'aini et al 2012;Galletti et al 2012;Chang et al 2007). Increasing studies have reported the direct production of ethyl levulinate from biomass such as carbohydrates, cellulose, wood, bagasse, and wheat straw (Peng et al 2011a(Peng et al , 2011b(Peng et al , 2012Saravanamurugan et al 2011;Garves 1988;Mao et al 2011;Chang et al 2012). In the aforementioned studies, sulfuric acid was the most commonly employed catalyst.…”

“…However, solid acid catalysts can overcome these disadvantages. Among various solid acid catalysts, zeolites and sulfated oxides have attracted considerable interests because of their strong acidity and excellent thermal stability (Peng et al 2011a).…”