This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: [Design Principles in Frustrated Lewis
KeywordsFrustrated Lewis pairs, Ambiphilic molecules, Boron, Aluminum, Carbon dioxide, Methanol, C-H activation.
Highlights
1.Phosphine-aluminum frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) can activate CO2 but show significant stability issues.
2.The Lewis acidity and basicity need to be fine-tuned to the desired reactivity for efficient FLP catalysis.3. FLP catalysts need to generate strong hydrides to reduce catalytically carbon dioxide.
4.Transition metal catalysis can serve as an inspiration for the design of metal-free catalysts for many transformations, including the borylation of heteroarenes.
Graphical abstract AbstractThis account describes our work on the use of ambiphilic molecules as catalysts for the reduction of carbon dioxide. Starting with the discovery that aluminum ambiphilic species (Me2PCH2AlMe2)2 (1) and Al(C6H4-PPh3)3 (5) could coordinate CO2 but showed significant instability, we found that phosphinoborane Ph2P-2-Bcat-C6H4 (7) was an exceptional catalyst for the hydroboration of CO2 to methoxyboranes, a molecule that can be readily hydrolyzed to methanol. A mechanistic investigation allowed us to outline the similarities between the catalytic activity of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) and that of transition metal complexes. We were able to extrapolate four important guidelines, described in this account, to synthesize efficient metal-free catalysts. We demonstrate that using these concepts it was possible to rationally design FLP catalysts for the C-H borylation of heteroarenes.