Conversion of Coal to Gasoline

Mills, Gregory

doi:10.1021/ie50715a005

Cited by 24 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Heavy paraffins have very low octane numbers, and coal tar naphtha streams with meaningful heavy paraffin content have low octane numbers despite their high aromatic content. 27,28 When present, hydrotreating is typically followed by catalytic naphtha reforming. 8,9,29 Performance tests of catalytic naphtha reforming with coal liquids indicate that a liquid yield of 89−90 vol % can be anticipated in production of reformate with a research octane number of 98.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Refining Pathways of Straight-Run Heavy Naphtha and Distillate from the Solvent Extraction of Lignite

et al. 2014

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Coal liquids were produced by solvent extraction of Bienfait lignite at 415 °C and 4 MPa H2 for 1 h with a hydrotreated coal tar distillate in a 2:1 solvent to coal ratio. Detailed characterization was performed on four straight-run distillation fractions of the coal liquids in the 120–370 °C boiling range. It was found that the coal liquids contained very little aliphatic material. Most of the compounds were aromatics, with aromatic compounds having no alkyl substituents dominating the composition. The aromatic carbon content increased with boiling fraction from 80 wt % in the 120–250 °C fraction to 94 wt % in the 343–370 °C fraction. Major compounds identified in the coal liquids were acenaphthene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene, which constituted 62 wt % of the total product. The coal liquids also contained heteroatom species. Interestingly, the nitrogen content did not monotonically increase with an increase in boiling point. The maximum nitrogen content was found in the 300–343 °C boiling fraction as a result of a high concentration of carbazole. The refining pathways for transportation fuel production were evaluated. It was found that the naphtha fraction could be upgraded to a motor gasoline blending component just by hydrotreating. No subsequent catalytic reforming was necessary because of the low aliphatic content of the naphtha. The kerosene required severe hydrotreating in order to be acceptable as a jet fuel blending component, mainly because of the high dinuclear aromatic content of the straight-run kerosene. The distillate made a poor feed material for diesel fuel and required severe hydrotreating to achieve an acceptable cetane number. In general, the coal-derived distillate would benefit from ring opening to reduce its density. The prognosis for transportation fuel production from the coal liquids was not favorable. The production of aromatic chemicals was a better fit with the properties of the coal liquids.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Refining Pathways of Straight-Run Heavy Naphtha and Distillate from the Solvent Extraction of Lignite

et al. 2014

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“…Improved catalysts (with the necessary efficiency, stability, selectivity, and cost) need to be developed to obtain liquid and gaseous synthetic fuels from coal [126,151].…”

Section: Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

The National Measurement System for surface properties

Powell¹

1977

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“…The main sources of benzene in a crude oil refinery are straight run light gasoline, catalytic reforming, , and high temperature residue upgrading units such as cokers and fluid catalytic crackers . The latter may in future become a more significant source of benzene as refinery economics are driven by residue upgrading. , In synthetic fuel refineries, especially coal-to-liquids (CTL) facilities, there are other sources of benzene too, like coal pyrolysis products from low temperature gasification and direct coal liquefaction …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benzene Reduction in a Fuels Refinery: An Unconventional Approach

Klerk

Nel

2008

Energy Fuels

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The benzene content of motor-gasoline is regulated by fuel specifications that are becoming increasingly stringent. Acid catalyzed alkylation of benzene by olefins in commonly found refinery units was explored as a low cost benzene reduction strategy. Cofeeding benzene to aliphatic alkylation, etherification, and olefin oligomerization processes were evaluated. Benzene can be alkylated in a sulfuric acid-based aliphatic alkylation unit at 5 °C, but significant disruption of the aliphatic alkylation reaction occurs if the feed contains more than 3% benzene. No benzene alkylation was found during reaction at 90 °C in an acidic resin based etherification process, since the alcohol is the proton carrier. When the same process was operated as an olefin oligomerization process (no alcohol in feed), alkylation proceeded. Benzene was also successfully alkylated during H-ZSM-5 based oligomerization (180-280 °C, 4 MPa), but the pore constrained geometry of the zeolite resulted in <5% alkylation selectivity with a hexene feed. Catalysts with a more open pore structure should rather be considered for the industrial application of benzene alkylation in an oligomerization process. Alkylation of benzene by cofeeding it to a solid phosphoric acid catalyzed oligomerization process (220 °C, 3.8 MPa, and benzene to olefin ratio in the range 1:6-6:1) was successful.

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Conversion of Coal to Gasoline

Cited by 24 publications

References 9 publications

Characterization and Refining Pathways of Straight-Run Heavy Naphtha and Distillate from the Solvent Extraction of Lignite

Characterization and Refining Pathways of Straight-Run Heavy Naphtha and Distillate from the Solvent Extraction of Lignite

The National Measurement System for surface properties

Benzene Reduction in a Fuels Refinery: An Unconventional Approach

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