Conversion of empty fruit bunches (EFBs) by hydrothermal carbonization towards hydrochar production

Sisuthog, Wanchana; Attanatho, Lalita; Chaiya, Chaiyan

doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2022.10.183

Cited by 13 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…A potential vibration might be related to P=O stretching in phosphate (or polyphosphate) groups at around 1300 cm −1 . The presence of these functional groups is consistent with regularly produced hydrochars originating from agricultural biomass, according to the FTIR data [38,39].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

Date Palm Leaflet-Derived Carbon Microspheres Activated Using Phosphoric Acid for Efficient Lead (II) Adsorption

Alhawtali,

El-Harbawi,

El Blidi

et al. 2024

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The removal of lead metals from wastewater was carried out with carbon microspheres (CMs) prepared from date palm leaflets using a hydrothermal carbonization process (HTC). The prepared CMs were subsequently activated with phosphoric acid using the incipient wetness impregnation method. The prepared sample had a low Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) surface area of 2.21 m2·g−1, which increased substantially to 808 m2·g−1 after the activation process. Various characterization techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy, BET analysis, Fourier transform infrared, and elemental analysis (CHNS), were used to evaluate the morphological structure and physico-chemical properties of the CMs before and after activation. The increase in surface area is an indicator of the activation process, which enhances the absorption properties of the material. The results demonstrated that the activated CMs had a notable adsorption capacity, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 136 mg·g−1 for lead (II) ions. This finding suggests that the activated CMs are highly effective in removing lead pollutants from water. This research underscores the promise of utilizing activated carbon materials extracted from palm leaflets as an eco-friendly method with high potential for water purification, specifically in eliminating heavy metal pollutants, particularly lead (II), contributing to sustainability through biomass reuse.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

Date Palm Leaflet-Derived Carbon Microspheres Activated Using Phosphoric Acid for Efficient Lead (II) Adsorption

Alhawtali,

El-Harbawi,

El Blidi

et al. 2024

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“…EFB is also capable of being a carbonaceous material with a higher implementation value, accompanied by its conversion into carbonbased products through thermochemical processes, such as hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). This HTC process is widely used to improve the quality of EFB, including increasing the carbon content as well as de-creasing the ash, potassium, and chlorine content [5], [6], [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic and combustion characteristics of oil palm empty fruit bunch biochar using thermogravimetric analysis

Pansawati,

Agustin,

Ahda

2024

teknosains

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The usage of renewable energy is a mitigation phenomenon majorly impacting the power sectors, with biomass being one of the sources directly replacing coal in various applications. This leads to the portrayal of biomass having the potential to be a carbonaceous material, namely the Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) of oil palm. To increase the characteristics of EFB, it can be converted into carbon-based products through thermochemical processes, such as hydrothermal carbonization. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the characteristics of feedstock and biochar EFB using the TGA method. The heating rate used in this study is 10 – 30°C/min at five °C/min intervals. The effect of heating rate on kinetic parameters and thermal (DTG, TGA) and combustion (T ignition, T burn out) characteristics was also determined. This study carried out the HTC process at temperatures of 210ᵒC and 230ᵒC. The results showed that biochar EFB had a higher ignition, burnout temperature, and activation energy than raw EFB. Ignition temperatures for EFB-HT210°C and EFB-HT230°C were 297°C and 298°C; burnout temperatures for EFB-HT210°C, EFB-HT230°C were 407°C and 450°C; and the activation energy for EFB-HT210°C, EFB-HT230°C were 58.84 kJ/mol and 62.16 kJ/mol. Besides the characteristics of biomass, the heating rate also affects combustion. This proved that increased heating rate caused higher ignition and burnout temperature and decreased activation energy. The results also indicated that the difference in heating rate influenced the peak temperature in DTG.

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A novel magnetic bifunctional hydrochar catalyst derived from palm leaf residue for biodiesel production: kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Aliyu,

Rashid,

Tsubota

et al. 2024

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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BACKGROUNDNovel magnetic bifunctional hydrochar‐based catalysts were produced from activated hydrochar derived from palm leaf residue (PLRAH) via a wet impregnation technique and used to perform one‐step waste cooking oil (WCO) transesterification to produce biodiesel. The magnetic bifunctional hydrochar‐based catalysts were evaluated for their acid–base properties, crystallinity, functional groups, magnetism, textural properties, thermal stability, chemical composition, and morphology.RESULTSThe PLRAH‐Fe2O3/K2O magnetic catalyst performed well in thermal testing, with a large specific surface area of 111.08 m2 g−1 and its high basicity value of 7.34 mmol g−1, as well as an acidity value of 12.67 mmol g−1, significantly contributed to the WCO transesterification. An optimum biodiesel yield of 98.36% was obtained under the following conditions: catalyst loading of 3 wt%, a methanol‐to‐WCO molar ratio of 12:1, and a reaction temperature of 75 °C for a duration of 4 h and biodiesel yields maintained at >80% after five cycles. The produced biodiesel complied with the physicochemical properties stated in ASTM D6751. The kinetic study also revealed that WCO transesterification using the one‐step approach had a pseudo‐first order and activation energy () of 24.27 kJ mol−1. Furthermore, the thermodynamic variables, including Gibbs free energy (∆Go), enthalpy (∆Ho), and entropy (∆So) of WCO transesterification, were found to be 7.60 kJ mol−1, 24.27 kJ mol−1, and −21.78 J mol−1 K, respectively. This suggests that WCO transesterification was an endothermic and non‐spontaneous process.CONCLUSIONThe synthesized magnetic bifunctional hydrochar‐based catalyst demonstrated outstanding performance for WCO transesterification, highlighting its potential for efficient biodiesel production. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

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Conversion of empty fruit bunches (EFBs) by hydrothermal carbonization towards hydrochar production

Cited by 13 publications

References 9 publications

Date Palm Leaflet-Derived Carbon Microspheres Activated Using Phosphoric Acid for Efficient Lead (II) Adsorption

Date Palm Leaflet-Derived Carbon Microspheres Activated Using Phosphoric Acid for Efficient Lead (II) Adsorption

Kinetic and combustion characteristics of oil palm empty fruit bunch biochar using thermogravimetric analysis

A novel magnetic bifunctional hydrochar catalyst derived from palm leaf residue for biodiesel production: kinetic and thermodynamic studies

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