Conversion of Fluorine-Containing Ozone-Depleting and Greenhouse Gases to Valuable Polymers in a Nonthermal Plasma

Kennedy, Eric M.; Kundu, Sazal; Mackie, John C.; Holdsworth, Clovia I.; Molloy, Thomas S.; Gaikwad, Vaibhav; Dlugogorski, Bogdan Z.

doi:10.1021/ie300932z

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Elemental analysis of the polymeric mixture generated during reaction (C—27.51%, H—1.82%, F—25.88%, Cl—44.92%) at 5 kJ · L −1 (13.5 kV, peak–peak) and the values of overall mass balance and elemental mass balance have been reported in our recently published research note . A detailed overall mass balance can be found in Table .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The entire reactor assembly was operated in a dedicated fume cupboard. A detailed description of the reactor and analytical train can be found in our recent publication …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For quantitation, spectra were analysed using QASoft software and an external calibration with the assistance of an ion‐chromatograph (Dionex 100). A detailed description of the procedure used for FTIR spectral analysis can be found in our previous publication …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Study on the Reaction of CCl₂F₂with CH₄in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Nonequilibrium Plasma

Kundu

Kennedy

Mackie

et al. 2013

Plasma Process. Polym.

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The reaction of CCl2F2 (CFC‐12) with methane (in an argon bath gas) in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) non‐thermal plasma reactor at atmospheric pressure has been investigated. The reaction (where oxygen and nitrogen are excluded from the feed gas) produced a range of gas phase products, including H2, HCl, HF, CHF3, CF3CH2F, CHClF2, CH3Cl, CH2ClF, CH2Cl2, CHCl2F and CHCl3 as well as solid products which were primarily non‐crosslinked polymers. The conversion of CCl2F2 increased, from 44 to 71%, when the input energy density of the plasma was raised from 3 to 13 kJ · L−1 (applied voltage range is 13.4–14.8 kV, peak‐peak). The relatively low input feed concentration of CCl2F2 and methane in the argon bath gas modifies the strong filamentary appearance of the pure argon discharge to a more diffuse appearance.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The entire reactor assembly was operated in a dedicated fume cupboard. A detailed description of the reactor and analytical train can be found in our recent publication …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Study on the Reaction of CCl₂F₂with CH₄in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Nonequilibrium Plasma

Kundu

Kennedy

Mackie

et al. 2013

Plasma Process. Polym.

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“…Post collection, the solid was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF, ACS-Merck), after which, the soluble and insoluble fractions were separated. The THF-soluble fraction is expected to consist of non cross-linked polymer, while the insoluble fraction will consist predominantly of cross-linked polymer [16]. The THF solvent was allowed to evaporate in a fume cupboard at room temperature.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic conversion of glycerol to polymers in the presence of ammonia

Sánchez

Gaikwad

Holdsworth

et al. 2016

Chemical Engineering Journal

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In this contribution, the development of a process for the synthesis of potentially highly valuable polymeric products from the reaction of waste glycerol with ammonia is reported for the first time. The polymers were the result of a single step, continuous gas phase process, catalysed by an alumina-supported iron catalyst, operating under relatively mild reaction conditions. The solid product was characterised using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, qualitative chemical tests and elemental analysis. Characterisation revealed building blocks with unsaturated, amido and ester functionalities shaping a mixture of polymers. Nitrogen atoms were present in the main chain of the resultant polymers. NMR analyses of the polymer denotes the formation of structural defects such as unsaturation and branching; while the partial solubility of the polymer in solvents such as CDCl 3 and THF is indicative of the formation of cross-linked structures. Insights into the mechanism of formation of these functional groups were based on the liquid and gas phase product distribution. Polymers with chain structures similar to those synthesised in this work are currently manufactured from fossil fuels and are widely used in biomedical applications not 2 only because of their architecture but also due to their response to changes in pH and temperature.

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“…Thermal oxidation has been encouraged to be used as the method to reduce R 23 emissions by the CDM which the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change outlined. , However, this approach results in a great economic loss because of its high incineration cost and the loss of R 23 . Besides, as an important refrigerant and fire suppression agent, R 23 with a purity of 99.999% is widely used as a plasma etchant. − In this regard, it is desirable to make a further separation for recycling R 23 in the vent gas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

R₂₃/R₂₂ Separation and Recovery Using the DIST-PSA Hybrid System

Zhou

Shen

et al. 2016

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Trifluoromethane (R23), a ubiquitous byproduct of chlorodifluoromethane (R22) synthesis, is one of the most potential greenhouse gases. The encouraged approach is thermal oxidation to process the vent gas by the clean development mechanism (CDM). Though such an approach could avoid the adverse environmental impacts, it will result in a great economic loss that includes not only the incineration cost but also the waste resource of R23. R23 is valuable as a refrigerant, fire suppression agent, and plasma etchant (purity: 99.999 mol %). In this work, the distillation-pressure swing adsorption (DIST-PSA) process was employed to concentrate R23 from 88% to 99.999% in the vent gas economically. Dynamic breakthrough experiments were performed to predict the adsorbent separation performance. Results indicated the coconut activated carbon (SAC-1) is appropriate material for R23 and R22 separation. The SAC-1 has a high separation factor value for R22 and R23 under the experimental conditions. Afterward, the DIST-PSA hybrid system was studied by process simulation and their energy consumption was analyzed. According to the comprehensive analysis, the best performance is obtained with a feed composition of 88% R23/12% R22 for the PSA unit. Process simulation predicts R23 recovery, purity, and energy consumption, respectively, of 69.52%, 99.9993% and 99.59 kJ·kg–1 R23. Overall, our studies have revealed that coupling a PSA unit with distillation is a feasible and promising technique to separate high-purity R23 efficiently and economically in the R22 synthesis industries.

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Conversion of Fluorine-Containing Ozone-Depleting and Greenhouse Gases to Valuable Polymers in a Nonthermal Plasma

Cited by 20 publications

References 26 publications

Study on the Reaction of CCl₂F₂with CH₄in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Nonequilibrium Plasma

Study on the Reaction of CCl₂F₂with CH₄in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Nonequilibrium Plasma

Catalytic conversion of glycerol to polymers in the presence of ammonia

R₂₃/R₂₂ Separation and Recovery Using the DIST-PSA Hybrid System

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Conversion of Fluorine-Containing Ozone-Depleting and Greenhouse Gases to Valuable Polymers in a Nonthermal Plasma

Cited by 20 publications

References 26 publications

Study on the Reaction of CCl2F2with CH4in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Nonequilibrium Plasma

Study on the Reaction of CCl2F2with CH4in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Nonequilibrium Plasma

Catalytic conversion of glycerol to polymers in the presence of ammonia

R23/R22 Separation and Recovery Using the DIST-PSA Hybrid System

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Product

Resources

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Study on the Reaction of CCl₂F₂with CH₄in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Nonequilibrium Plasma

Study on the Reaction of CCl₂F₂with CH₄in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Nonequilibrium Plasma

R₂₃/R₂₂ Separation and Recovery Using the DIST-PSA Hybrid System