Conversion of steel mill waste into nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) particles for hydrogen generation via metal-steam reforming

Ferrous Industrial Wastes—Valuable Resources for Water and Wastewater Decontamination

“…MS represents a source of iron, composed mainly of magnetite, with a porous appearance and hard surface, in which the iron content can reach about 93% [ 67 ]. Commercially, this mixture of iron oxide, predominantly with magnetite, combined with nickel and zinc oxide can be used to manufacture soft magnets, components of audio–visual devices.…”

“…A transformation into nano-scale Fe is indicated by Kesavan et al, implying the obtaining of some reactive structures. MS as a precursor of nano-zero valent Fe (nZVI) production can be converted into nanoparticles using different routes: (i) reductive process with NaBH 4 for nanoparticles with 30–40 nm diameter; (ii) mild solvothermal method using hydrazine or surfactant-cosurfactant in water–oil microemulsion for 5 nm diameter nZVI NPs formation [ 67 ]. Moreover, the iron oxide used after the metal–steam reaction can be utilized by transforming it into nZVI, offering the advantage of hydrogen generation in several cycles [ 67 ].…”

“…Ferrous waste can also be used in the process of generating hydrogen needed by cells for the fuel that ensures energy transport, with applications in the automotive industry. Obtaining high-purity hydrogen, with a high cost, including for the stages of transport, storage, and transport to users determines the identification of alternative sources, and the iron from these wastes through steam reforming (water vapor) can generate hydrogen [ 67 ].…”

AOX degradation of the pulp and paper industry bleaching wastewater using nZVI in two different agitation processes

“…nZVI being a strong reducing agent for hydrogen ions, carbonates, sulfates, nitrates and mainly organic behaviors such as adsorbable organo halogens. nZVI can be synthesized by synthesis methods such as precision milling method (Kesavan and Azad, 2008), carbothermal reduction (Nisticò and Carlos, 2019), electrochemical method (Ma et al, 2017), green synthesis (Fazlzadeh et al, 2017) and ultrasound assisted method (Gao et al, 2018). The zero valent iron nanoscale has far greater potential reactive due to its larger surface area (Xue et al, 2018).…”