Conversion of waste animal bones to biofertilizer and adsorbent for wastewater treatment: An innovative approach to develop zero-waste technology

Abstract

Presently a number of chemical fertilizers are being used which are not only expensive but are also environment threatening. There is a need to replace these fertilizers by biofertilizers. Adsorbent were prepared from waste bones for the waste water treatment. Various bone samples were collected and calcinated to produce biofertilizer and adsorbent. Total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) were analyzed. The broiler chicken bone-based biofertilizer has the lowest amount of TC and TN (TC = 33 and TN = 5.5 g/Kg) and also the lowest macro-elements; Ca = 55, P = 26, K = 2.5, and Mg = 0.83 g/Kg. All samples were used for the growth of kidney bean plant. After 5 weeks, the highest growth was observed for buffalo bone-based fertilizer and the lowest for broiler bone-based fertilizer. In the present study, the calcinated bones material was also used as nano-adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals from the artificial wastewater. All nano-adsorbent samples showed maximum efficiency at 100 ppm, while maximum removal was at 6 h. The highest removal efficiency was obtained for buffalo bone-based nano-adsorbent (As = 60% and Pb = 75%), and the lowest removal efficiency was obtained for broiler bone-based nano-adsorbent (As = 36% and Pb = 47%). The calcinated animal bones were analyzed using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), chemical tests and antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST). This research can play an important role for the promotion of agricultural crops and for wastewater treatment using nano-technology.

Thermochemical Conversion of Animal-Derived Waste: A Mini-Review with a Focus on Chicken Bone Waste

“…It can be observed that the most commonly used reactor type is a muffle furnace, operated at temperatures between 300-1000 • C. The studies on the pyrolysis of animal-derived waste, including chicken bone waste, have as an aim the production of solid by-products in the form of biochar. This biochar presents good proprieties as fertilizer [84][85][86] and an adsorbent [85,87] and in other applications (such as catalysts and enhanced carbon materials). Because the focus of these studies was on converting chicken bone waste into a solid product, the information regarding the liquid and gaseous yields is not very well described.…”

“…In general, nitrogen (N 2 ) is introduced to maintain a non-oxidative atmosphere, and its residence time is between 30 min [89] and 20 h [92]. It is also reported that the pretreatment (drying/pre-carbonization) of bone is usually conducted before proceeding with the pyrolysis process and after the washing of the bone [85,90]. Also, in most of the studies, the bones were pre-carbonized.…”

NPK Biofertilizer Production from Banana Peel, Feather and Bone Ashes and their Comparative Advantage to 20:10:10 Inorganic Fertilizer

“…P was extracted from the laboratory following some designed steps described in the literature. About 1 g of BA sample was weighed and shaken in 10 mL of 0.025 M HCl and 0.03 M NH4F for 5 min, also described in Khan et al [31]. P was determined on the filtrate by the molybdateblue method using C6H8O6 as a reluctant.…”