Conversion of Xylose to Furfural Catalyzed by Carbon-Based Solid Acid Prepared from Pectin

Abstract

Furfural is an important platform chemical that can be produced by dehydration of pentose, which is an important building block of lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, xylose was chosen as the reaction substrate, and a carbon-based solid acid prepared from pectin was used as the catalyst in a mixed solvent consisting of water and γ-valerolactone (GVL). FTIR results showed that the sulfonated catalyst had typical characteristic peaks of sulfonic groups, while the results based on NH3-TPD and elemental analysis showed that the sulfonation temperature changed the surface acid concentration and acid site intensity of the catalyst. A furfural yield of 80.4% and a xylose conversion of 100% were obtained at 170 °C for 60 min. The conversions and product yields were influenced by the reaction temperature, reaction time, solvent composition, and catalyst acidity. Different sulfonation temperatures can change the acidity of the catalyst, which determines the catalytic performance of the catalyst.

Sulphonated Carbon Dots Synthesized Through a One‐Pot, Facile and Scalable Protocol Facilitates the Preparation of Renewable Precursors Using Glucose/Levulinic Acid

“…In particular, heterogeneous solid‐acid catalysis is preferred because of the option of easy separation and reuse of the catalyst [24] . This practice could significantly reduce the overall processing cost of a product during large‐scale manufacture [25] . Moreover, the bio‐based fuel range chemicals have the potential to reduce dependency on fossil reserves and the impact on the environment (greenhouse gas emissions) [26] .…”

“…[24] This practice could significantly reduce the overall processing cost of a product during large-scale manufacture. [25] Moreover, the bio-based fuel range chemicals have the potential to reduce dependency on fossil reserves and the impact on the environment (greenhouse gas emissions). [26] Typical acidic catalysis of glucose ends with the levulinic acid (LA) formation by engaging the sequential isomerization and dehydration mechanisms to yield fructose and HMF intermediates, respectively.…”

Valorization of Waste Lignocellulose to Furfural by Sulfonated Biobased Heterogeneous Catalyst Using Ultrasonic-Treated Chestnut Shell Waste as Carrier

“…Processes 2021, 9, 2269 2 of 10 pectin [30], etc., have been discovered and utilized for furfural production. Very recently, biomass-based heterogeneous catalysts, including carbon, sucrose [31], miscanthus [32], and lignin [33], have gained considerable interest due to the utilization of available, inexpensive, and renewable biomass as a carrier.…”

Critical Review on the Preparation of Platform Compounds from Biomass or Saccharides via Hydrothermal Conversion over Carbon-Based Solid Acid Catalysts

“…In five cycles, no significant decrease in activity was observed after the initial deactivation. Xu et al 27 pyrolyzed pectin from orange peel and then sulfonated it with concentrated sulfuric acid. It was found that the acid concentration and acid distribution on the surface of the catalyst could be controlled by the sulfonation temperature.…”