Conversion, selectivity and kinetics of the liquid-phase dimerisation of isoamylenes in the presence of C1 to C5 alcohols catalysed by a macroporous ion-exchange resin

Equilibrium conversion, selectivity and yield optimization of the simultaneous liquid-phase etherification of isobutene and isoamylenes with ethanol over Amberlyst™ 35

“…This is consistent with previous studies focused on the IB and IA dimerization that concluded that polar conditions (induced, namely, by water and alcohol presence in the present study) inhibit oligomerization reactions [14,44,46]. Both TMP-1 and TMP-2 were formed through isobutene dimerization (R9).…”

Liquid-Phase Oligomerization of 1-Hexene Catalyzed by Macroporous Ion-Exchange Resins

“…The main outputs of the work were a fast deactivation of the zeolite-based catalyst, compared to mesoporous material and ion-exchange resins, branched dimers formation, and a higher conversion of branched olefins with respect to the linear ones. In addition, the works of Cruz et al [6,7] on isoamylenes dimerization in presence of alcohols showed that the selectivity to diisoamylenes and isoamylenes (2-methyl-2-butene and 2-methyl-1-butene) conversion increased with increasing carbon number atoms of linear alcohol and temperature. Alcohols behaved as a dimerization rate moderator and no trimers, tetramers, and cracking products were detected.…”

Kinetics of 1-hexanol etherification on Amberlyst 70

“…For higher catalyst mass, initial reaction rate drops significantly. The fact that initial reaction rate 8 decreases when the catalyst mass increases above 3.5g could be explained by the loss of the proper hydrodynamic contact between solid and liquid. On increasing the catalyst mass, the slurry becomes heterogeneously suspended resulting in mass transfer effects that lessen the reaction rate.…”

“…Frequently, some reactant or reaction product adsorbs preferably on the catalyst surface, e.g., polar species onto sulfonic styrene/divinylbenzene (S/DVB) resins, leading to a decrease of the reaction rate. This rate-inhibiting effect of polar species on S/DVB resins is sometimes used to control selectivity to intermediate products in series reactions [8][9][10][11], however this effect is undesirable when such polar species, in particular water, are reaction products [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. To quantify the effect of reaction medium-catalyst interaction, empirical corrections are suggested in the open literature.…”